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ITU- T

(International
Telecommunications UnionTelecommunications Sector)
Formerly

the Comite Consultatif


Internationale de Telegraphie et Telephonie
(CCITT)
Develops the recommended set of rules and
standards for telephone and data
communications.
Has developed three sets of specifications:
the V-series, the X-series, and the I and Qseries.

V- SERIES
For

modem interfacing and data


transmission over telephone lines.
Which include a number indicating the
standard (V.21, V.23 and so on).
Sometimes V-series is followed by the French
word bis, meaning second, which indicates
that the standard is a revision of an earlier
standard. If the standard includes the French
word terbo, meaning third, the bis
standard also has been modified.

MODEM
MOdulator-DEModulator
A

device that modulates signals to


encode digital information and
demodulates signals to decode the
transmitted information.
Modems are generally classified by
the amount of data they can send in a
given unit of time, usually expressed
in bits per second (bps).

ITU- T V.29
The

first internationally accepted standard


for a 9600-bps data transmission rate.
Intended to provide synchronous data
transmission over four-wire leased lines.
Uses 16-QAM modulation of a 1700-Hz
carrier frequency.

ITU- T V.32
Provides

for a 9600-bps data transmission


rate with true full-duplex operation over fourwire leased private lines or two-wire
switched telephone lines.
Also provides for data rates of 2400 bps and
4800 bps.
Specifies QAM with a carrier frequency of
1800 Hz.
Specifies the use of Trellis-coded modulation
and echo cancellation.

ITU- T V.32bis and


V.32terbo
Introduced

in 1991 and created a new


benchmark for the data modem industry by
allowing transmission bit rates of 14.4 kbps
over standard voice-band telephone
channels.
Uses 64-point signal constellation with each
signaling condition representing six bits of
data.
Includes automatic fall-forward and fall-back
features.

V.32terbo

includes all the features of V.32bis


plus a propriety technology called adaptive
speed leveling.
Includes two categories of new features:
Increased data rates
Enhanced fax abilities
Outlines

the new 19.2-kbps data


transmission rate.

ITU- T V.33
Intended

for modems that operate over


dedicated two-point, private-line four-wire
circuits.
Uses trellis coding and is similar to V.32
except a V.33 signaling element includes six
information bits and one redundant bit,
resulting in a data transmission rate of 14.4
kbps, 2400 baud, and an 1800-Hz carrier.

ITU- T V.42 and V.42bis


Error-correcting

procedures for modem using


asynchronous-to-synchronous conversion

V.42bis

is a specification designed to
enhance the error-correcting capabilities of
modems that implemented the V.42
standard.

ITU- T V.32 (V.fast)


Considered

the next generation in data


transmission.
Data rates of 28.8 kbps without compression
are possible using V.34.
Will be able to transmit data at two to three
times current data rates.

ITU- T V.34+
An

enhanced standard adopted by the ITU in


1996.
Adds 31.2 kbps and 33.6 kbps to the V.34
specification.
Adds 17% to the transmission rate; however,
it is not significant enough to warrant serious
consideration.

ITU- T V.90
Is

similar to 3COMs x2 and Lucents K56flex


in that it defines an asymmetrical data
transmission technology where the upstream
and downstream data rates are not the
same.
Allows modem downstream (receive) data
rates up to 56 kbps and upstream (transmit)
data rates up to 33.6 kbps.

ITU- T V.92
Offers

three improvements over V.90 that


can be achieved only if both the transmit
and receive modems and the Internet
Service Provider (ISP) have V.92 compliant
modems.
Offers:
Upstream transmission rate of 48 kbps
Faster call set-up capabilities
Incorporation of a hold option

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