CVEG 3213 Hydraulics

Lecture: Units and Quantities

Units and Quantities

mass

kg, g, mg, g(microgram)

1 kg = 1000 g = 103g ; 1 g = 0.001 kg = 10-3 kg

1 kg = 1000.1000 mg = 106 (a million) mg
1 g = 10-6 g

1 kg = 2.2 lb

note: lb is actually a weight (force)

F = ma

volume

1 cubic foot = ft3 = 7.48 gal

1 gal = 3.8 L
1 m3 = 1000 L
1 mL = 1 cm3 = 1 cc

Units and Quantities

Density: = mass per volume

Water density =

w = 1 g/mL = 1 kg/L

= 62.4 lb/cubic foot*(see below)

slightly temperature dependent

considered incompressible (very slightly compressible)

Unit weight of water: w = weight per volume

specific weight
weight is a force = mass x acceleration

= mass x g

g = 9.8 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s3

w = w.g

= 1000 kg/m3 . 9.8 m/s2 = 9800 N/m3 = 9.8 kN/m3

= 1.94 slugs/ft3 . 32.2 ft/s2 = 62.4 lb/ft3

Units and Quantities

Density of liquids
(pcf)

SG

Ethyl Alcohol

49.3

0.79

Gasoline

42.5

0.68

Glycerin

78.6

1.26

Mercury

847

13.57

SAE 20 Oil

57

0.91

Seawater

64

1.03

Water

62.4

1.00

Units and Quantities

Solid density
density of sand = 2.6 g/cm3 = 2600 kg/m3
concrete density = 2400 kg/m3 (150 lb/ft3),

SG = 2.4

Dry bulk density of soil or solids

Mass per volume (including voids)
Approximately ~ 1.4 1.8 g/mL

Units and Quantities

Pressure = force per area

N/m2 = Pa (Pascal)
often use kPa
atmospheric P: 1 atm = 101.325 kPa

psi = lb/in2
1 atm = 14.7 psi

Units and Quantities

Pressure exerted by a 1-ft diameter

column of water 34 ft high

Pressure = force (weight) per area

wt = volume x unit wt (w)

volume = area x ht
area = /4 x dia2 = 3.14/4 x (1ft)2 = 0.785ft2
Vol = 0.785ft2 x 34ft = 26.7ft3 = 200 gal
wt = 26.7ft3 x 62.4 lb/ft3 = 1666 lb

Pressure = wt/area

= 1666 lb / 0.785 ft2 = 2122 lb/ft2 = 14.7 psi = 1.00 atm

Units and Quantities

Pressure exerted by a 10-ft square column

of water 34 ft high

Pressure = force (weight) per area

wt = volume x unit wt (w)

volume = area x ht
area = 10ft x 10 ft = 100ft2
Vol = 100ft2 x 34ft = 3400ft3 = 25430 gal
wt = 3400ft3 x 62.4 lb/ft3 = 212,160 lb

Pressure = wt/area

= 212,160 lb / 100 ft2 = 2122 lb/ft2 = 14.7 psi = 1.00 atm

Units and Quantities

Velocity and distance

If you drive 50 mph for two hours, how far do

you go?
2 hr x 50 mi/hr = 100 mi (duh)

If you drive 120 miles in 3 hours, whats your

average speed?
120 mi / 3 hr = 40 mph

distance = v . t is important
pipe flow
stream flow

Units and Quantities

Velocity and distance

If you drive 50 mph for two hours, how far do

you go?
2 hr x 50 mi/hr = 100 mi (duh)

If you drive 120 miles in 3 hours, whats your

average speed?
120 mi / 3 hr = 40 mph

distance = v . t is important
pipe flow
stream flow

Units and Quantities

Concentration: C

Concentration is Mass per Volume

mass of chemical or solids per volume of solution

mg/L (milligram per liter)

1 mg/L = 1 lb per _____ gal

1 L/mg x 1000 mg/g x 1000 g/kg x 2.2 kg/lb x 1 gal/3.8 L

= 120,000 gal/lb or 1 lb per 120,000 gal

1 g/L (microgram per liter) = 1/1000 x mg/L

Units and Quantities

mg/L versus ppm (parts per million)

ppm is mass/mass
e.g., mg per million mg = mg/kg
water = 1 kg/L,

1 L of water weighs 1 kg
so a mg/L ~ ppm

Units and Quantities

Flow: Q

Flow is Volume per Time

m3/s , ft3/s = cfs, gal/min = gpm
MGD = million gallons per day

note: 7.48 gal per ft3

1 cfs = _____ MGD

1 ft3/s x 60 s/min x 60 min/hr x 24 hr/day

x 7.48 gal/ft3 x 1 million/106
= 0.65 MGD

Beaver Water Plant = ?

40 60 MGD

Units and Quantities

Mass transported

Mass/Time = Q.C

vol/time x mass/vol = mass/time

If Fayetteville wastewater plant discharges 18 MGD of
water containing 2 mg/L phosphorus, how much
phosphorus (kg, lbs) is discharged per day and per year?
Mass/Time = Q.C = 18 x 106 gal/day x 2 mg/L
x 3.8 L/gal x 1g/1000 mg x 1kg/1000 g

= 137 kg/day
x 365 = ~ 50,000 kg/yr

18 MGD x 2 mg/L x (8.34 lb/MG)/mg/L

= 300 lb/day
x 1 kg/2.2 lb = 137 kg/day