CP502

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Flow of Viscous Fluids
and Boundary Layer Flow
[ 10 Lectures + 3 Tutorials ]

Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) project

Midsemester (open book) examination

What do we mean by Fluid?

Physically: liquids or gases

Mathematically:

A vector field u (represents the fluid velocity)

A scalar field p (represents the fluid pressure)

fluid density (d) and fluid viscosity (v)

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Recalling vector operations

Del Operator:

Laplacian Operator:

Gradient:

Vector Gradient:

Divergence:

Directional Derivative:

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Continuity equation

for incompressible

(constant density) flow

- derived from conservation of mass

where u is the velocity vector

u, v, w are velocities in x, y, and z directions

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible

flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

kinematic
viscosity
(constant)

density
(constant)

pressure
external force
(such as
gravity)

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible

flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible

flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

Acceleration term:
change of velocity
with time

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible

flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

Advection term:
force exerted on a
particle of fluid by the
other particles of fluid
surrounding it

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible

flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

viscosity (constant) controlled

velocity diffusion term:

(this term describes how fluid motion is
damped)

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Highly viscous fluids stick together (honey)

Low-viscosity fluids flow freely (air)

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible

flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

Pressure term:
Fluid flows in the
direction of
largest change
in pressure

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible

flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

Body force term:

external forces that act
on the fluid (such as
gravity,
electromagnetic, etc.)

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible

flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

change
body
in
= advection + diffusion + pressure + force
velocity
with time

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations

for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations

for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid
in Cartesian coordinates
Continuity:
Navier-Stokes:
x - component:

y - component:

z - component:

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an

infinite channel with stationery plates
- fully developed plane Poiseuille flow
Fixed plate
Fluid flow direction

y
x

Fixed plate

Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an

infinite channel with one plate moving at uniform velocity
- fully developed plane Couette flow

Fluid flow direction

y
R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Moving plate

Fixed plate

Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations

for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid
in cylindrical coordinates
Continuity:
Navier-Stokes:
Radial component:

Tangential component:

Axial component:

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in a pipe

- fully developed pipe Poisuille flow

Fixed pipe
r
z

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

Fluid flow direction

2a

2a

Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid between

a stationary outer cylinder and a rotating inner cylinder
- fully developed pipe Couette flow

a
b

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010

r
a