Chapter

6
Telecommunications
And Networks

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Learning Objectives
1. Identify several major developments and
trends in the industries, technologies
and business applications of
telecommunications and Internet
technologies.
2. Provide examples of the business value
of Internet, intranet, and extranet
applications.
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Learning Objectives
3. Identify the basic components,
functions, and types of
telecommunications networks used in
business.
4. Explain the functions of major types of
telecommunications network hardware,
software, media, and services.

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Why Study Networking?

When computers are networked, two
industries computing and
communications converge, and the
result is vastly more than the sum of the
parts.
Suddenly, computing applications become
available for business-to-business
coordination and commerce, and for small
as well as large organizations.
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Telecommunications
Definition:
The exchange of information in any form
(voice, data, text, images, audio, video)
over networks

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Trends in Telecommunications

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Open Systems
Definition:
Information systems that use common
standards for hardware, software,
applications, and networking

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Connectivity
Definition:
The ability of networked computers and
other devices to easily access and
communicate with each other and share
information

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Interoperability
Definition:
The ability of an open system to enable
the many different applications of end
users to be accomplished using the
different varieties of computer systems,
software packages, and databases
provided by a variety of interconnected
networks

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Digital Network Technologies

Definition:
Digital transmission technologies that transmit
information in the form of discrete pulses
Benefits:
Higher transmission speeds
Movement of larger amounts of information
Greater economy
Lower error rates
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Business Value of Telecommunications

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Internet
Definition:
A network made up of millions of smaller
private networks each with the ability to
operate independent of, or in harmony
with, all the other millions of networks
connected to the Internet

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Internet Applications

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Business Use of the Internet

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Business Value of the Internet

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Intranet
Definition:
A network inside an organization that
uses Internet technologies to provide an
Internet-like environment within the
enterprise for information sharing,
communications, collaboration, and the
support of business processes

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Business Value of Intranets

Communications and Collaboration includes
email, voicemail, paging, faxes, and groupware
Web Publishing easy, attractive and low-cost
way of publishing and accessing multimedia
business information
Business Operations and Management
platform for developing and deploying critical
business applications to support business
operations and managerial decision making
across the inter-networked enterprise
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Business Value of Intranets

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Extranet
Definition:
Network links that use Internet
technologies to interconnect the intranet
of a business with the intranets of its
customers, suppliers, or other business
partners

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Business Value of Extranets

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Intranets & Extranets

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Telecommunications Network Components

Terminals any input/output device that uses
telecommunications networks to transmit or receive data
Telecommunications Processors devices that perform
control and support functions
Telecommunications Channels media over which data
are transmitted and received
Computers all sizes and types
Telecommunications Control Software programs that
control telecommunications activities
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Telecommunications Network Components

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Types of Telecommunications Networks

Wide Area Network (WAN) network that
covers a large geographic area
Local Area Network (LAN) network connecting
information processing devices within a limited
physical area
Virtual Private Network (VPN) secure network
that uses the Internet as its main backbone
network, but relies on network firewalls,
encryption, and other security features of its
Internet and intranet connections and those of
participating organizations
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LAN & VPN

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Types of Telecommunications Networks

Client/Server PCs and workstations, called
clients are interconnected by local area
networks and share application processing with
network servers
Network Computing Thin clients provide a
browser-based user interface for processing
small application programs
Peer-to-Peer file-sharing software connects
each PC to a central server or to another online
users PC
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Telecommunications Media
Twisted-Pair Wire copper wire twisted
into pairs
Coaxial Cable sturdy copper or
aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to
insulate and protect it
Fiber Optics one or more hair-thin
filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a
protective jacket
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Telecommunications Media

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Wireless Technologies
Terrestrial Microwave earthbound
microwave systems that transmit highspeed radio signals in a line-of-sight path
between relay stations spaced
approximately 30 miles apart
Communications Satellites - high-earth
orbit communications satellites placed in
stationary geosynchronous orbits
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Wireless Technologies
Cellular and PCS Systems a geographic area
divided into cells with one low-power transmitter
device per cell used to relay calls from one cell
to another
Wireless LANs high- or low-frequency radio
technology installed in an office or building
Wireless Web wireless, Web-enabled
information appliances accessing the Internet,
intranets and extranets
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Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

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Telecommunications Processors
Modems convert digital signals from a
computer into analog frequencies that can
be transmitted over ordinary telephone
lines
Multiplexers allows a single
communications channel to carry
simultaneous data transmissions from
many terminals
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Telecommunications Technologies

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Internetwork Processors
Switch makes connections between
telecommunications circuits in a network
Router intelligent communications processor
that interconnects networks based on different
protocols
Hub a port switching communications
processor
Gateway connects networks using different
communications architectures
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Communications Processors

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Network Management
Traffic Management manage network
resources and traffic to avoid congestion
and optimize telecommunications service
levels to users
Security provide authentication,
encryption, firewall, auditing and
enforcement

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Network Management
Network Monitoring troubleshoot and
watch over the network, informing network
administrators of potential problems
before they occur
Capacity Planning survey network
resources and traffic patterns and users
needs to determine how best to
accommodate the needs of the network
as it grows and changes
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Network Topologies
Star ties end user computers to a
central computer
Ring ties local computer processors
together in a ring on a relatively equal
basis
Bus local processors share the same
communications channel
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Network Topologies

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Network Architectures & Protocols

Protocol standard set of rules and procedures
for the control of communications in a network
Network Architecture the use of standard
protocols, standard communications hardware
and software interfaces and the design of a
standard multilevel interface between end users
and computer systems with the goal of
promoting an open, simple, flexible, and efficient
telecommunications environment
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OSI & TCP/IP Models

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a seven-layer model that serves
as a standard model for network
architectures
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) is a five layer
telecommunications protocol used by the
Internet
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OSI & TCP/IP Models

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Bandwidth
Definition:
Classification of communications speed
and capacity of telecommunications
networks
Transmission Rates:
Narrow-band low-speed
Broadband high-speed
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Transmission Speeds

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Switching Alternatives
Circuit Switching a switch opens a
circuit to establish a link between a
sender and receiver; it remains open until
the communication session is completed
Message Switching a message is
transmitted a block at a time from one
switching device to another

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Switching Alternatives
Packet Switching messages are divided
into fixed or variable length packets, and
packets are sent across networks
Cell Switching breaks voice, video and
other data into fixed cells of 53 bytes and
routes them to their next destination in the
network

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Case #3: Wi-Fi Networks

Benefits:
Superfast
Lower cost

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Case #3: Wi-Fi Networks

Challenges:
Hit-or-miss hotspots
Lost productivity due to disruptions
Must create billing systems
Must establish technical standards
Must develop tighter security measures

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Case #4: Voice Over IP

Services:
Combine email with voicemail
Audio-conferencing
Collaboration technologies
Video

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Case #4: Voice Over IP

Benefits:
Install one line to carry voice and data
Reduced staff training
Improved productivity

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Summary
Organizations are becoming networked
enterprises that use the Internet, intranets, and
other telecommunications networks to support
business operations and collaboration within the
enterprise, and with their customers, suppliers,
and other business partners.
Telecommunications technology is moving
toward open, inter-networked digital networks
for voice, data, video and multimedia.
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Summary
Open systems with unrestricted connectivity
using Internet technologies are the primary
telecommunications technology drivers in ebusiness systems.
Companies are deriving strategic business
value from the Internet, which enables them to
disseminate information globally, communicate
and trade interactively with customized
information and services for individual
customers, and foster collaboration of people
and integration of business processes within the
enterprise and with business partners.
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Summary
Businesses are installing and extending
intranets throughout their organizations to:
Improve communications and collaboration
among individuals and teams within the
enterprise
Publish and share valuable business
information easily, inexpensively, and
effectively via enterprise information portals
Develop and deploy critical applications to
support business operations and decision
making
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Summary
The primary role of extranets is to link the
intranet resources of a company to the intranets
of its customers, suppliers, and other business
partners.
The major generic components of any
telecommunications network are:

Terminals
Telecommunications processors
Communications channels
Computers
Telecommunications software

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Chapter

6
End of Chapter

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6 - 55