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(APPLIED ANATOMY)
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
DR HAMIADJI
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
DR HAMIADJI
The Motor System consists of those parts of the Brain and Spinal Cord that control Skeletal
Muscles
There are 3 functional components (Pyramidal, Extrapyramidal, Cerebellar systems) and a
Common Motor Pathway (Motor neurons in nuclei of cranial nerves and anterior horn of spinal
cord = Lower Motor neurons)
Extrapyramidal
System
Pyramidal System
Cerebellar System
Monitoring, Modulating
Movements
1.
Corticospinal
2.
Corticobulbar
(Upper Motor Neuron)
Rigidity
Bradykinesia / Hyperkinesia
(Abnormal Movements)
Spasticity
Paresis / Paralysis
(Abnormal Reflexes)
Hypotonia / Asthenia
Asynergia
(Abnormal Coordination)
- Resting tremor
- Chorea
- Athetose
- Hemibalism etc.
Hoffmann
Tromner
Babinski
Openheim etc.
- Intention tremor
- Dysmetria
- Adiadochokinesia
- Dysarthria etc.
Flaccid para/paresis
Hypo/Areflexia
Atrophy
Fasciculation
COMMON MOTOR
PATHWAY
Corticobulbar
Common motor
pathway
Clasp-knife phenomenon.
Description of the abnormal way that
paralyzed limb muscles respond to
passive stretch after pyramidal tract
damage. Characteristically, the
greater the velocity of stretch, the
greater the resistance of the muscle.
Muscle Response
No Movement
2
gravity
Full strength
CHOREA
Hemiplegic gait
Shuffling gait
Ataxic gait
GAITS
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1 Korintus 15:40.
Impulse
Presynaptic neuron
Vesicle
Transmitters
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic
neuron
Receptors
Postsynaptic activity
CELL BODY
Dendrites
Myelin sheath
AXON
Schwann cell
Synaptic terminals
Node of Ranvier
Nucleus
Synapses