DIVISION 8 WINDOWS AND OPENINGS

DIVISION 9 FINISHES
DIVISION 22 PLUMBING

HEALTHENE JOY F. ALESNA

DIVISION 8 OPENINGS

Maintenance & Standards

Doors & Frames
Specialty Doors and Frames
Entrances, Storefront & Curtain Wall
Windows
Roof Windows & Skylights
Hardware
Glazing
Louvers and Vents

1.

GLASS AND GLAZING

Glass is a hard, brittle, chemically inert substance produced by

fusing silica together with a flux and a stabilizer into a mass that
cools to a rigid condition without crystallization.
Foamed or cellular glass is used as rigid, vapor proof
thermal insulation.
Glass fibers are used in textiles and for material
reinforcement.

Glass block is used to control light transmission,

glare, and solar radiation.

1.

GLASS AND GLAZING

The three major types of flat glass are the following:

Sheet glass is fabricated by drawing the molten glass from a
furnace (drawn glass), or by forming a cylinder, dividing it
lengthwise, and flattening it (cylinder glass).
Plate glass is formed by rolling molten glass into a plate that
is subsequently ground and polished after cooling. Plate
glass provides virtually clear, undistorted vision.
Float glass is manufactured by pouring molten glass onto a
surface of molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly.

2.

HARDWARE

2.01

NAILS

Nails are straight, slender pieces of metal having one end

pointed and the other enlarged and flattened for hammering
into wood or other building materials as a fastener.

Power-Driven Pneumatic nailers and

Fasteners
staplers, driven by a
compressor, are capable of
fastening materials to wood,
steel or concrete.
Power-driven fasteners use
gunpower charges to drive
a variety of studs into
concrete or steel.

2.

HARDWARE

2.02

SCREWS

Screws are metal fasteners having tapered, helically threaded

shanks and slotted heads, designed to be driven into wood or the
like by turning, as with a screwdriver.

2.

HARDWARE

2.03

BOLTS

Bolts are threaded metal pins or rods, usually having a head at one end,
designed to be inserted through holes in assembled parts and secured by a
mating nut. Carriage bolts are used where the head may be inaccessible to
the placement of a nut or where an exceptionally long bolt would be needed
to penetrate a joint fully.
Lengths: to 30
(75 to 760)
Diameters: to 1 (6 to 32)

2.
HARDWARE
2.04 ADHESIVES
Adhesives are used to secure the surfaces of two materials
together. Always follow the manufacturers recommendations in
the use of an adhesive. Important considerations in the
selection of an adhesive include:
Common types of adhesives:
Animal or fish glues are primarily for indoor use where
temperature and humidity do not vary greatly; they may be
weakened by exposure to heat or moisture.
White or polyvinyl glue sets quickly, does not stain and is
slightly resilient.
Epoxy resins are extremely strong, waterproof and may be
used to secure both porous and nonporous materials; they
may dissolve some plastics. Unlike other adhesives, epoxy
glues will set at low temperatures and under wet conditions.
Resorcin resins are strong, waterproof and durable for outdoor
use, but they are flammable and their dark color may show
through paint.
Contact cement forms a bond on contact and therefore does
not require clamping. It is generally used to secure large sheet
materials such as plastic laminate.

DIVISION 09 FINISHES
Plaster & Gypsum Board
Tiling
Ceiling
Flooring
Wall Finishes
Acoustical Treatment
Painting & Coating

1.

CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES

1.01

STUCCO OR CEMENT PLASTER FINISH

Stucco is a mortar consisting of cement, sand and water.
Hydrated lime is often added to make the mortar easier to
work.

1.

CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES

1.06

EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH

The color is obtained from exposed aggregate and not

by adding coloring material to the mixture.
Facing plaster of
I part Portland cement,
1-1/2 parts sand, and
3 parts of special screenings or pebbles of the desired
color shall be placed against the forms to a thickness of
about 1 inch sufficiently in advance of the body concrete
to prevent the latter from coming
into contact with the forms.

1.

CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES

1.06

EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH

2.

GRANOLITHIC and TERRAZZO FLOOR FINISHES

2.01

GRANOLITHIC FINISH
This consists of a topping with a mixture of 1 part cement,
1 part sand and 1 part finely crushed stone. It is called
granolithic because fine aggregate chips were originally
used in the aggregate.

2.02

TERRAZZO FINISH
Terrazzo is a mixture of cement, marble chip aggregates
and water laid as a topping or as a wall finish, and ground
to a fine, smooth surface.
It is used for floor and bases where durability, resistance to
wear, and minimal maintenance are necessary.

3.

TILE FINISHES

3.01

CEMENT TILE FINISH

Cement tile is manufactured by pressing in moulds a
plastic mixture of cement and sand. Surface color of the tile
is achieved by the addition of mineral oxide colors.
Thickness of cement tile is 25mm (1).
The tiles shall be thoroughly soaked in water before laying
on a setting bed of cement mortar (1 part of Portland
cement to three parts of sand).

3.

TILE FINISHES

3.02

CERAMIC TILE FINISH

Ceramic tile are small surfacing units made from clay or
mixture of clay with other ceramic materials and fired
according various processes.
Tiles differ principally in:
(1) composition of the body
(2) surface finish, that is, glazed or unglazed
(3) process of manufacture; and
(4) the degree of vitrification or fusion of the tile body
after firing, as indicated by the extent to which it
absorbs moisture

3.

TILE FINISHES

3.02

CERAMIC TILE FINISH

Types of Ceramic Tiles:
a.

Glazed interior tiles

are non-vitreous product made by the dustpress-process .

3.

TILE FINISHES

3.02

CERAMIC TILE FINISH

b.

Ceramic Mosaic Tiles

are tiles less than 6 sq.
in. in facial area,
preponderantly
unglazed, and having
fully vitrified or fairly
dense bodies.

3.

TILE FINISHES

3.02

CERAMIC TILE FINISH

c.

Quarry tiles
are unglazed floor tiles made from natural clays or
shales by the plastic method. They are a very durable
flooring material, being impervious to moisture, stains
and dirt, and are resistant to abrasion .

d.

Pavers
are standard size unglazed tiles resembling ceramic
mosaic tiles in composition and physical
characteristics but usually having facial area of 6 sq.
in. or more. All pavers are weatherproof and are
especially suitable for heavy floor service .

4.

RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES

4.01

ASPHALT TILE & SHEET FINISH

Resilient flooring is manufactured as tile or sheet
including:
- Asphalt
- vinyl
- rubber
- linoleum, and
- cork.
Vinyl, linoleum and rubber flooring are available also in
sheet form .

4.

RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES

4.01

ASPHALT TILE & SHEET FINISH

This consists of thoroughly bonded composition of
thermoplastic binder and inert color pigments,
formed under pressure while hot and cut to size.

4.

RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES

4.02

VINYL TILE & SHEET FINISH

Vinyl flooring is recommended where a colorful,
textured, tough, durable, easily maintained, greaseresistant type of finish flooring is required for areas of
both light and heavy human traffic.
It may be used for above-grade, on-grade and belowgrade floors.
Vinyl flooring should not be used:
- for exterior floor surfaces
- in areas where specific chemicals that attack vinyl
are used

4.

RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES

4.03

RUBBER TILE & SHEET FINISH

Advantages of rubber flooring are:
- It is the quietest floor possible with the exception of
thick cork tile;
- its color are more brilliant than those of other types.
Rubber flooring, however, is not as resistant to soap, oil
and many household solvents, as vinyl and linoleum

4.

RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES

4.04

LINOLEUM TILE & SHEET FINISH

Linoleum is resilient, waterproof floor covering that consists of a backing covered
with a relatively thick layer of wearing surface. This wearing surface is a mixture that
contains oxidized
Linoleum can be divided
into five classifications:
- plain
- marbled
- spatter
- straight-line inlaid, &
- molded inlaid.

5.

WOOD FLOOR FINISHES

5.01

STRIP FLOORING
This type of flooring consists of
tongue-and-grooved (T&G)
boards 6 or less in width.

5.

WOOD FLOOR FINISHES

5.02

PLANK FLOORING
This type of flooring consists of square-edged boards
8 or more in width as are commonly found in old
Spanish- period houses.
Plank flooring is usually faced-nailed.

5.

WOOD FLOOR FINISHES

5.03

PARQUET TILE FLOORING

Also called block flooring, consists of square pieces or
blocks which have been built up in several layers like
plywood and having a veneered surface, or consists of
several parquet strips assembled at the factory to form
a tile.

6.

CEILING FINISHES

6.01

CEILING BOARD
These are shiplapped boards with a bead running
along the center of the board and along the joint,
hence it is often referred as beaded ceiling board
(B.C.B.) Thickness are 3/8 and in. Widths of boards
are 4 and 6 in.

6.

CEILING FINISHES

6.02

ACOUSTIC TILE
Acoustic tile is used for ceiling and wall finishes in
rooms where it is required to control sound by
absorption.

6.

CEILING FINISHES

6.02

ACOUSTIC TILE
There are several types of acoustic tile:
a.

Cellulose fiber tile.

These are made from compressed sugar cane or
wood fibers with perforations on the surface of the
tile.

b.

Mineral wool tile.

Felted rock wool with a fissured surface. Mineral
wool tile has limited acoustic values, is flame
retardant but will not withstand rough usage and
cannot be painted.

c.

Glass fiber tile.

These are made of glass fibers held together by
binder.

7.

PAINT FINISHES

7.01

TRANSPARENT FINISHES
a.

Wood Stains
Oil Wood Stains
Pigments are derived from various
earth clays.
Water Stains
These are made from aniline dyes
and mineral extracts which have
been dissolved in hot water .
Spirit or Alcohol Stain
These are mixed with alcoholsolution aniline powders and
warmed alcohol.

7.

PAINT FINISHES

7.01

TRANSPARENT FINISHES
b.

Wood Fillers

Paste Fillers.
Composed of silex (stone dust), japan-drier, linseed
oil, turpentine, and sometimes colors ground in oil.
Filler is applied with the grain and allowed to dry
flat for about 10 minutes. It is then wiped off across
the grain with burlap or some other coarse material.
Paste fillers requires about 24 hours for drying
before it can be sanded.
Crack Fillers.
Plastic wood putty, stick shellac, etc. They are used
for filling nails holes, cracks and dents.

7.

PAINT FINISHES

7.01

TRANSPARENT FINISHES
b.

Shellac
Shellac is made by refining seed lac and its natural
color is orange; white shellac is obtained by bleaching.
Lac is a resin exuded by certain insects in India in the
twigs of trees. These twigs with the resin attached are
called sticklac and are crushed and washed to produce
seed lac.
Shellac is an under or a
preparatory coat for varnish
and wax finishes.

7.

PAINT FINISHES

7.01

TRANSPARENT FINISHES
c.

Varnish
In general, oil varnishes are more durable than spirit
varnishes. Spirit varnishes are either dammar varnish,
mad by treating dammar resins with turpentine, or
shellac varnish, made by dissolving white or orange
shellac in grain alcohol.
Drying time is from
4 to 24 hours.

7.

PAINT FINISHES

7.01

TRANSPARENT FINISHES
d.

Lacquer
Lacquer is made synthetically, and is closely related
to rayon or nylon fabrics. It requires a special
thinner sold by each manufacturer for his own
brand.

7.

PAINT FINISHES

7.02

OPAQUE FINISHES
a.

Paint
Paint is a mixture containing a pigment and a
vehicle.
The pigment is that solid, finely ground portion
which gives to paint the power to obscure, hide or
color the surface.
The vehicle is the fluid portion of the paint. It
carries the particles of the pigment in suspension
and by the oxidation deposits and hardening binds
them to painted surface or by evaporation deposits
them thereon.

7.

PAINT FINISHES

7.02

OPAQUE FINISHES
a.

Paint
PIGMENTS:
may be divided into white and colored pigments.
The white pigments can, in turn, be divided further
into hiding or active pigments and extender
pigments.

Hiding or active pigments

are those which when mixed with the drying oil,
produces an opaque finishing material.
The most widely used active pigment is white lead
which, when used alone withlinseed oil, will produce
an excellent durable paint.
Other active white pigments include:
- zinc oxide
- lithopone
- titanium dioxide.

7.

PAINT FINISHES

7.02

OPAQUE FINISHES
a.

Paint
VEHICLE:
The vehicle or liquid portion of the paint consists of:
- a binder which forms the film
- the drier to speed up formulation of the film and
- the thinner or the volatile solvent .

7.

PAINT FINISHES

7.02

OPAQUE FINISHES
a.

Paint
Driers:
may be classified into two types:
- oil driers, used in powdered or crystalline form
such as litharge (monoxide of lead),
manganese dioxide, borate; and
- liquid driers, inorganic compounds of lead,
manganese and cobalt, which are dissolved in
turpentine or benzene and which mix readily
with the oil at ordinary temperatures.

7.

PAINT FINISHES

7.02

OPAQUE FINISHES
a.

Paint
Thinners
act as a solvent both for the materials of the paint and
for the resin in the wood surface thereby providing
greater penetration and anchorage in the wood pores.
It improves the brushing and spreading qualities of the
paint and also hastens its drying by absorbing oxygen
from the air and transferring it to the drying oil.

7.

PAINT FINISHES

7.02

OPAQUE FINISHES
a.

Paint
Alkyd-resin or oil-resin emulsion paints
where oil and resin emulsified in water makes a
heterogeneous finishing material by an emulsifying
agent such as casein.
A great advantage of oil resin paint is that its
viscosity can be easily reduced by the addition of
water. Water is added as a thinner for the same
reason that turpentine or mineral spirits is added to
oil paints.

7.

PAINT FINISHES

7.02

OPAQUE FINISHES
a.

Paint
Synthetic latex (rubber-base) paints
is made from synthetic latex which acts as the pigment
binder and the film-forming material for the paint.
Latex paint is the preferred paint for the plaster,
cement, concrete and masonry

7.

PAINT FINISHES

7.02

OPAQUE FINISHES
a.

Paint
Portland cement-base paints
a water-base paint (where the solvent is water) used for
painting concrete and masonry surfaces
Enamel paints
paints which use varnish as a vehicle. They can have
either a glossy, semi glossy or matt finish.

Rust-inhibiting paints
protective paints for ferrous metal and are of two types:
- priming paint, e.g. red lead, litharge, lead chromate;
- finish paints, e.g., lead sulfate and zinc dust.

Division 22 PLUMBING

Plumbing Piping
Plumbing Equipment
Plumbing Fixtures
Pool and Fountain Plumbing Systems
Gas and Vacuum Systems for
Laboratory and Healthcare Facilities

 Plumbing Piping

PLUMBING PIPING
Copper This piping is available in soft and hard tempers and
several weights.
Plastic
The most common kinds of plastic piping are:
ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene): a rigid black pipe that is
fairly strong and economical.
PVC (polyvinyl chloride): a rigid white pipe that is strong and
economical.
CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride): a cream-colored rigid
pipe that is very strong and has a chemical resistance similar to
PVC.
PE (polyethylene): a flexible tubing that can be snaked through
walls and around corners, can bend without breaking when
buried in settling soil, and is highly resistant to unusual soil
conditions.
PB (polybutane): a flexible tubing that can also be snaked
through walls and around corners.

Steel Steel piping is available in galvanized

or black types in standard (the most
common), extra heavy, and double extra
heavy weights.
Cast Iron .This piping is available in
standard, ductile iron (stronger and
more corrosion-resistant), and highsilica (acid-resistant); it is used for
sanitary waste, vent, storm drain, and
other non-pressure applications.

 Plumbing Equipment

 Plumbing Fixtures
Lavatories: Small sinks that may be set in counters, hung
from walls, or mounted on legs.
Sinks: These are larger lavatories for janitorial, kitchen,
and laundry use as well as work sinks in schools and
many industrial settings.
Bathtubs: is a bathroom fixture, a tub that you can fill
with water for bathing.
Showers

 Plumbing Fixtures