workable fit exists between transit services and urban form Perhaps compact mixed use development well suited to rail Perhaps flexible bus services well suited to dispersed development Viewed as a paradigm for sustainable regional development
Types of Transit Metropolises
Adaptive Cities- transit oriented cities that
have invested in rail systems to guide urban growth and achieve larger societal objectives Such as preserving open space, producing affordable housing in rail served communities All feature compact mixed use suburban communities and new towns concentrated around rail nodes Examples: Stockholm, Tokyo, Singapore and Copenhagen
Types of Transit Metropolises
Adaptive Transit- places that have
accepted spread out low density patterns of growth Seek to appropriately adapt transit services and new technologies to these environments Karlsruhe (dual track systems); Adelaide (track guided buses) and Mexico City (small vehicle entrepreneurial services)
Types of Transit Metropolises
Strong Core Cities- integrating transit and
urban development within a more confined central city context Provide integrated tram services around mixed traffic tram and light rail system Trams designed into streetscapes and coexist with pedestrian and bicycle traffic Examples: Zurich and Melbourne
Types of Transit Metropolises
Hybrid: adaptive cities and adaptive transit
Create workable balance between concentrating development along main line transit corridors and adapting transit to serve their spread out suburbs and exurbs Munich-heavy rail trunk line services, light rail and conventional bus services have strengthened central city while also serving suburban growth axes
Forming the Transit Metropolis:
Complementary Demand Side Approaches
Transportation Demand Managementaims to make more efficient use of
transport resources already in place by shifting demand (to carpools) or eliminate trips (telecommuting); inefficient parking space- more efficient management; parking availability dissuades use of public transit
Forming the Transit Metropolis:
Complementary Demand Side Approaches
Restraints on Automobile Use- traffic
calming local streets belong to residents- barriers, etc Banning traffic from downtown areas License plate will determine when auto can enter the CBD
Forming the Transit Metropolis:
Complementary Demand Side Approaches
Regulation of Auto Performanceimprove performance rather than
attempt to change travel behavior Re-engineer cars to improve fuel efficiency (GM, etc and move to hybrid vehicles) Lower emissions- Clean Air Act
Forming the Transit Metropolis:
Complementary Demand Side Approaches
Setting the Right Prices- Proper pricing
eliminates the need for heavy handed controls over car use and public intervention into private land markets Congestion fees, carbon taxes and parking surcharges Higher motoring fees will people over time move closer to jobs and transit stops to economize on travel? Elitist view and unrealistic to charge more??
Forming the Transit Metropolis:
Complementary Supply Side Approaches
Advanced Technologies- GPS systems
to avoid congestion spots and eliminate need to travel; smart roadwaysautomatically adjust traffic signals Telecommunications- e-commerce and virtual shopping Nonmotorized transport- bicycle facilities and provisions