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Atomic Theory
The Atom
The term atom is derived from the
Greek word (atomos)
meaning indivisible
Democritius (470-370 BC )
suggested that all matter was made
up of indivisible particles called
atoms
Law of Constant
Composition
A compound always contains atoms of two or
More elements combined in definite proportions
by mass
Example:
Water H2O always contains 8
grams of oxygen to 1 gram of
hydrogen
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Law of Multiple
Proportions
Atoms of two or more elements may
combine in different ratios to produce
more than one compound.
Examples:
NO
NO2
N2O
N2O5
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Daltons Atomic
1. All elements Theory
are
composed of indivisible
and indestructible
particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same
element are exactly
alike, They have the
3. Atoms of different
same masses.
elements have different
masses.
4. Atoms combine to form
compounds in small
whole number ratios.. 5
1.
SomeObjections to
Daltons Atomic
Atoms areTheory
not indivisible. They
Crookes Experiment
The Electron
1. The electron was the first subatomic
particle to be identified.
2. In 1897 J.J Thomson used a cathode ray
tube to establish the presence of a
charged particle known as the electron
3. Thomson established the charge to
mass ratio
E/m = 1.76 x 108 coulombs/gram
Thomsens Charge to
Mass Ratio
Thomsens Plum
Pudding Model
Thompson proposed that
an atom was made up of
electrons scattered
unevenly through out an
elastic sphere. These
charges were surrounded
by a sea of positive charge
to balance the electron's
charge like plums
surrounded by pudding.
Millikans Experiment
12
Millikans Experiment
Millikan used his data to
measure the charge of an
electron and then to
calculate the mass of the
electron from Thomsons
charge to mass ratio.
Given the charge =
1.60 x 10-19 coulomb and
the ratio of E/m = 1.76 x
108 coulombs/gram it is
possible to calculate the
mass
Mass
= 9.11 x 10-28 gram
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Protons
First observed by E. Goldstein in 1896
J.J. Thomson established the presence
of positive charges.
The mass of the proton is
1.673 x 10-24 grams
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Rutherfords Experiment
1910
Ernest Rutherford
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Rutherfords Experiment
16
Rutherfords
Experiment
17
Rutherfords
Experiment
By studying this
pattern, Rutherford
concluded that
atoms have a very
dense nucleus, but
there are mostly
empty space.
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Subatomic Particles
The diameter of a single atom ranges
From 0.1 to 0.5 nm. (1 nm = 10-9 m).
Within the atom are smaller particles:
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
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Neutrons
Discovered by James Chadwick in 1932
Slightly heavier than a proton
Mass of a neutron = 1.675 x 10 -24 grams
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Emission Spectra
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Flame Tests
According to Bohr
Atoms radiate energy
whenever an electron jumps
from a higher-energy orbit to a
lower-energy orbit. Also, an
atom absorbs energy when an
electron gets boosted from a
low-energy orbit to a highenergy orbit.
26
Using
Unfortunately these
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Maxwell Planck
29
E = mc2
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31
mc2 = h
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35
36
37
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Particle
Charge
Mass
proton
+ charge
neutron
No charge
electron
- charge
39
H
e
Mass Number
the number of protons and
neutrons in an atom
Atomic Number
the number of protons in an
atom
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Atomic Mass
The atomic mass of an atom is a relative
number that is used to compare the
mass of atoms.
An atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12
of the mass of an atom of carbon 12.
The atomic masses of all other atoms
are a ratio to carbon 12
41
Isotopes
Many elements have atoms that have multiple
forms
Different forms of the same element having
different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
For example: Carbon exists as both Carbon 12
and Carbon 14
Carbon 12
Carbon 14
6 electrons
6 electrons
6 protons
6 protons
6 neutrons
8 neutrons
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or Na-23
or Na-24
The mass
spectrometer
can be used
to determine
the atomic
mass of
isotopes.