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Leveling is the process by means of which the difference in elevation ( relative height) of various
points on the earths surface is calculated.
Prepared By:-
Definitions
1. Datum line ( M.S.L. ) :-is an imaginary level line from which the
vertical distances of different points are measured. In india, datum is
the mean sea level at Mumbai.
2. Reduced level ( R.L) :- Is the vertical distance of a point from
datum line.
3. Benchmark (B .M ) :-These are fixed points or marks of known RL
determined with reference to the datum line. They serve as reference
to the points for finding the RL of new points.
4. Back sight ( B.S.) :- Is the first staff reading taken in any setup of
the instrument after the levelling has been perfectly done.
5. Fore sight (F.S) :- Is the last staff reading taken in any setup of the
instrument.
6. Intermediate sight ( I.S.) :- Is reading taken between the back
sight and fore sight reading .
7. Elevation of line of sight ( H.I) :- is the RL of the line of
collimation. This is obtained by adding the BS reading to the RL of the
BM or CP on which the staff reading was taken.
Benchmarks
Types of Level
1. Dumpy Level
2. Wye ( or Y ) Level
3. Reversible Level
4. Tilting Level
5. Automatic Level
1. Dumpy Level
Telescope is rigidly fixed.
Can neither be removed
from its supports nor
rotated about its
longitudinal axis.
It is commonly used.
2. Wye Level
Telescope is held in two
Y supports.
Can be removed from
its supports.
It can be rotated about
its longitudinal axis.
3. Reversible
Level
Combination of dumpy
level and the Y level.
Supported by two rigid
sockets.
Can be rotated about its
longitudinal axis.
Can be withdrawn from
the socket.
4. Tilting Level
Can be tilted slightly
about its horizontal axis
with the help of a tilting
screw.
5. Automatic
Level
Levelling Staff
Base of Staff at
Slope
Point of interest
(a)
Incorrec
t
(b)
Point of interest
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENT OF
LEVEL
Leveling of the instrument is done to make the vertical
axis of the instrument truly vertical. It is achieved by
carrying out the following steps:
Step 1: The level tube is brought parallel to any two of the foot
screws, by rotating the upper part of the instrument.
Step 2: The bubble is brought to the centre of the level tube by
rotating both the foot screws either inward or outward. (The bubble
moves in the same direction as the left thumb.)
Step 3: The level tube is then brought over the third foot screw again
by rotating the upper part of the instrument.
Step 4: The bubble is then again brought to the centre of the level
tube by rotating the third foot screw either inward or outward.
Differential Leveling
Fly Leveling
Check Leveling
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
Sum
Inter
Fore
Difference
Rise
R.L.
Fall
Remarks
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
4615'
7545'
00
Inter
7.24
100
6.46
150
5.38
200
6.55
8.78
6.92
300
8.52
350
6.24
400
5.96
450
6.35
500
Fore
5.42
50
250
Difference
7.54
Rise
R.L.
Remark
s
100
B.M.
Fall
Change
Pt
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
4615'
00
5.42
Inter
Fore
Difference
Rise
R.L.
Remarks
100
B.M.
Fall
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
4615'
00
Inter
5.42
50
7.24
100
6.46
150
5.38
200
6.55
Difference
Fore
Rise
R.L.
Remark
s
100
B.M.
Fall
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
4615'
00
Inter
Difference
Fore
Rise
R.L.
Remark
s
100
B.M.
Fall
5.42
50
7.24
1.82
100
6.46
0.78
98.96
150
5.38
1.08
100.04
200
6.55
1.17
98.18
98.87
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
4615'
7545'
00
Inter
Fore
Difference
Rise
R.L.
Remarks
100
B.M.
Fall
5.42
50
7.24
100
6.46
0.78
98.96
150
5.38
1.08
100.04
200
6.55
250
8.78
1.82
6.92
98.18
1.17
98.87
0.37
98.50
Change Pt
Bearing
4615'
7545'
Distanc
e
Staff Reading
Back
00
5.42
Inter
Difference
Fore
Rise
R.L.
Remark
s
100
B.M.
Fall
50
7.24
100
6.46
0.78
98.96
150
5.38
1.08
100.04
200
6.55
250
8.78
1.82
6.92
98.18
1.17
98.87
0.37
98.50
300
8.52
0.26
98.76
350
6.24
0.28
101.04
400
5.96
0.28
101.32
450
6.35
500
7.54
0.39
100.93
1.19
99.74
Change
Pt
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
4615'
7545'
00
Fore
Rise
R.L.
Remarks
100
B.M.
Fall
5.42
50
7.24
100
6.46
0.78
98.96
150
5.38
1.08
100.04
200
6.55
250
8.78
1.82
6.92
98.18
1.17
98.87
0.37
98.50
300
8.52
0.26
98.76
350
6.24
0.28
101.04
400
5.96
0.28
101.32
450
6.35
500
Sum
Inter
Difference
7.54
14.20
14.46
4.68
0.39
100.93
1.19
99.74
4.96
Change Pt
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
4615'
7545'
00
Inter
Fore
Difference
Rise
R.L.
Remarks
100
B.M.
Fall
5.42
50
7.24
100
6.46
0.78
98.96
150
5.38
1.08
100.04
200
6.55
250
8.78
1.82
6.92
98.18
1.17
98.87
0.37
98.50
300
8.52
0.26
98.76
350
6.24
2.28
101.04
400
5.96
0.28
101.32
450
6.35
500
7.54
0.39
100.93
1.19
99.74
Change Pt
????????
Any Question about Rise & Fall
Method ?
Formula:1.
R.L. + B.S.
= H.I.
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
Inter
Ht of Instrument
R.L.
Fore
Remarks
Bearin
g
Distanc
e
Back
4615'
00
5.42
7545'
Staff Reading
Inter
50
7.24
100
6.46
150
5.38
200
6.55
250
8.78
6.92
300
8.52
350
6.24
400
5.96
450
6.35
500
Fore
7.54
Ht of
Instrument
R.L.
Remarks
100
B.M.
Change
Pt.
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
4615'
00
5.42
Inter
Fore
Height of
Instrument
R.L.
Remarks
100
B.M.
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
4615'
00
5.42
Inter
Fore
Height of
Instrument
R.L.
Remarks
105.42
100
B.M.
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
4615'
00
Inter
5.42
50
7.24
100
6.46
150
5.38
200
6.55
Fore
Height of
Instrument
R.L.
Remarks
105.42
100
B.M.
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
4615'
00
Inter
5.42
Fore
Height of
Instrument
R.L.
Remarks
105.42
100
B.M.
50
7.24
98.18
100
6.46
98.96
150
5.38
100.04
200
6.55
98.87
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
4615'
7545'
00
Fore
5.42
R.L.
Remarks
105.42
100
B.M.
50
7.24
98.18
100
6.46
98.96
150
5.38
100.04
200
6.55
98.87
250
8.78
6.92
107.28
98.50
300
8.52
98.76
350
6.24
101.04
400
5.96
101.32
450
6.35
100.93
500
Sum
Inter
Height of
Instrument
7.54
99.74
Change Pt
Bearing
Distance
Staff Reading
Back
4615'
7545'
00
Inter
Fore
5.42
Height of
Instrument
R.L.
Remarks
105.42
100
B.M.
50
7.24
98.18
100
6.46
98.96
150
5.38
100.04
200
6.55
98.87
250
8.78
6.92
107.28
98.50
300
8.52
98.76
350
6.24
101.04
400
5.96
101.32
450
6.35
100.93
Change Pt
????????
Any Question about Height of
Instrument Method ?
98.18
50
250
98.96
100
100.04
150
98.87
C
h
B
OAC
:
(OC)2 = (AC)2 (OA)2
Or, (R+h)2 = l2 + R2
Since R >>> h
So, h = l2/(2R)
R= 6370 km
The
Earth
Problem on Effect of
Curvature
x
2y
100
meter
100 meter
A 100
B 10
1
Errors in Leveling
Instrumental
Imperfect Adjustment
Sluggish Bubble
Incorrect Marking on Staff
Defective joint of Staff
Wear at Staff bottom
Misalignment of Telescope
Accumulation of Dirt at base of Staff
Errors in Leveling
Natural
Curvature of the Earth
Refraction
Temperature
Wind vibration on Level & Staff
Soft Ground
Errors in Leveling
Personal
Handling of Instrument
Verticality of Staff
Mistakes in taking Staff Reading
Mistakes in Recording