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project
On
Certificate
Jamia Girls sr. sec. school
This is to certify that, Saheefa Atam a
student of class XII-sci-B has
successfully completed the research on
the below mentioned project under the
guidance of Dr. Ehtesham-ul-Haque
(Subject Teacher) during the year 201516 in partial fulfillment of physics
practical examination.
Signature of external examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I would thank God for being able to complete this
project with success. Then I would like to thank my
physics teacher, Dr. Ehtesham-ul -Haque whose
valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof success his
suggestions and his instructions has served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project. Then I
would like to thank my parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance
has been helpful in various phases of the completion of
the project. Last but not the least I would like to thank my
classmates who have helped me a lot.
Index
Contents :1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgment
3. Index
4. Introduction
5. Definition of
Eddy
Current
6. Origin of the term
7. History
8. Explanation
9. Applications of
Eddy
Current
10.Bibliography
Introduction
Eddy Currents are closed loops of induced current
circulating in planes perpendicular to the magnetic
flux. They normally travel parallel to the coil's
winding and the flow is limited to the area of the
inducing magnetic field. Eddy Currents concentrate
near to the surface adjacent to an excitation coil
and their strength decreases with distance from the
coil i.e. Eddy Current density decreases
exponentially with depth. Skin effect arises when
the Eddy Currents flowing in the test object at any
depth produce magnetic fields which oppose the
primary field, thus reducing the net magnetic flux
and causing a decrease in current flow as the depth
increases. Alternatively, Eddy Currents near the
surface can be viewed as shielding the coil's
magnetic field, thereby weakening the magnetic
Eddy Currents
Eddy currents(also calledFoucault currents) are
loops ofelectric currentinduced withinconductors
by a changing magnetic fieldin the conductor, due
tofaraday's law of induction.
Eddy currents flow in closed loops within conductors,
in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field.
They can be induced within nearby stationary
conductors by a time-varying magnetic field.
The magnitude of the current in a given loop is
proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, the
area of the loop, and the rate of change of flux, and
inversely proportional to theresistivityof the
material.
History
The first person to observe eddy currents wasFranois Arago
(17861853), the 25th Prime Minister of France, who was
also a mathematician, physicist and astronomer.
In 1824 he observed what has been called rotatory
magnetism, and that most conductive bodies could be
magnetized; these discoveries were completed and explained
byMichael Faraday(17911867).
In 1834,Heinrich LenzstatedLenz's law, which says that the
direction of induced current flow in an object will be such that
its magnetic field will oppose the change of magnetic field
that caused the current flow.
French physicistLon Foucault(18191868) is credited with
having discovered eddy currents. In September, 1855, he
discovered that the force required for the rotation of a copper
disc becomes greater when it is made to rotate with its rim
between the poles of a magnet, the disc at the same time
becoming heated by the eddy current induced in the metal
Explanation
Applications
superconductor),
v) Repulsive effects and levitation
surface eddy currents
exactly cancel the
In a varying magnetic
field inside the
field the induced
conductor, so no
currents exhibit
magnetic field
diamagnetic-like
penetrates the
repulsion effects. A
conductor. Since no
conductive object will
energy is lost in
experience a repulsion
resistance, eddy
force. This can lift
currents created when
objects against
a magnet is brought
gravity, though with
near the conductor
continual power input
persist even after the
to replace the energy
magnet is stationary,
dissipated by the eddy
and can exactly
currents.
balance the force of
An example
gravity, allowing
application is
magnetic levitation.
(vii) Identification of
metals
In coin operated
vending machines, eddy
currents are used to detect
counterfeit coins, orslugs.
The coin rolls past a
stationary magnet, and
eddy currents slow its
speed. The strength of the
eddy currents, and thus the
retardation, depends on the
conductivity of the coin's
metal. Slugs are slowed to a
different degree than
genuine coins, and this is
used to send them into the
(viii) Speedometer
As the magnet spins, it sets up a rotating magnetic field,
creating forces that act on the speedcup. These forces cause
electrical current to flow in the cup in small rotating eddies,
known aseddy currents.
the case of a speedometer, the eddy currents create a drag
torque that does work on the speedcup. The cup and its
attached needle turn in the same direction that the magnetic
field is turning -- but only as far as the hairspring will allow it.
The needle on the speedcup comes to a rest where the opposing
force of the hairspring balances the force created by the
revolving magnet.
the permanentmagnetinside the speedcup will rotate faster,
which creates a stronger magnetic field, larger eddy currents
and a greater deflection of the speedometer needle and vice
versa.
Bibliography
https://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.innospection.com