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Objectives
Power calculations and terminology
Expand understanding of electrical
power
from simple linear circuits to
a high voltage power system
Overview
Basic Circuits
Electric Power
Complex: real & reactive power
Power factor and power factor correction
3
ac Waveform
v Vmax sin t
2 f
f is the frequency of the waveform
How AC is Generated
Stator
S
Rotor
Windings
5
How AC is Generated
f
270
900
N
Angle
S
1800
3600
X
6
AC Phasor Representation
v
v Vmax sin t
Vmax
Vrms V
2
V1
V2
Reference
v1
v2
V1 V10
V2 V2
v1 V1max sin t
v2 V2 max sin (t )
8
V1
V2
Reference
v1
v2
V1 V10
V2 V2
v1 V1max cos t
v2 V2 max cos (t )
9
Phasors
V Vm e
Vm
v1 (t ) Re Ve
jt
10
Representing Power
11
Power Calculations
P = VI
P = I 2R
P = V2/R
S = VI
S = I2Z
S = V2/Z
12
Resistance Impedance
Resistance in
Capacitance in F
Inductance in H
Z = R + jX
13
Zero average
14
15
1
1
p (t ) Vm I m cos( v i ) Vm I m cos(2t v i )
2
2
The average of this expression is
1
P Vm I m cos( v i )
2
16
p (t ) P Q(t )
Q(t)
t
t
17
Complex Power
IMPORTANT
is the power factor angle
S V I
I I
S V I V0 I VI
*
S V I cos j V I sin
S P j Q
Real Power
Reactive Power
18
19
20
Power System
Operations
21
Operating Challenges
Load is stochastic and is not
controlled
Power flows cannot be directed or
controlled
Electricity cannot be stored
Everything happens in real-time
Generation can be controlled
22
Voltage (pu)
Power (pu)
24
Frequency Problems
Imbalances in supply and demand beyond
the capabilities of these generator controls
Load may be dropped, or shed by operators
Equipment protection may disconnect
generators
Operators may disconnect regional tie lines
26
Analogy
Inflatable water pipes
27
Voltage Collapse
The real power demanded is above the
transfer capability of a transmission line
Return to the water pipe analogy
Load draws too much power dips into the
stored reactive power collapses the pipe
28
Voltage (pu)
Power (pu)
29