PROCESS

INSTRUMENTATION
BY:
P. Dhana Lakshmi

Recording Instruments
Indicating and signaling instruments
Transmission equipment
Controls center
Instrumentation diagram
Process analysis

RECORDING INSTRUMENTS
A recording instrument should be employed when
a permanent record of the variable is desirable.
More expensive and require more maintenance
than indicating types.
ELEMENTS OF RECORDING INSTRUMENTS:
o Indicating pointer
o Calibrated scale
o Recording chart
o Recording pen

TYPES OF CHARTS:
1.CIRCULAR CHART:

2. STRIP CHART:

3. Z-FOLD CHART:

4. ROLL CHART:

MULTIPLE POINT RECORDERS:

They are used to record several variables on one chart.
This can be done only when the variables do not vary
greatly with
time and are not close together in value.

INDICATING INSTRUMENTS
An indicating instrument is used when only the
present value of the variable is to be known and the
past record is of no use.
Indicating scales are of three types:
o Eccentric scale
o Concentric scale
o Linear scale.

Eccentric and concentric scales:

SIGNALING INSTRUMENTS
They are used effectively when it is only necessary
to indicate that the variable is within certain limits.
Common signaling systems are:
o Hi-low system
o hi-low-neutral system
o 5-position system.

Transmission of readings
Pneumatic transmission:
It is generally operated on transmitted pressures of
about 0 to 20 psig. The receiver here is simply a
pressure gage of 0 to 20psi calibration.
Actual calibration can then be made in terms of desired
variable.
lag is due to resistance and volume of the tubing.

Electric transmission:
It appears in the inductance- bridge systems.
As the distance increases the resistance increases and
there will be an increasing dead zone caused by the
reduced current in the bridge.

CONTROL CENTER
Instrumentation equipment are grouped at one location
near the
processing unit or manufacturing operation which
they serve.
This group may be termed a control center
It controls or aids an operator in controlling the process
operation.
The control center must have:
o Clean dry atmosphere
o Relatively constant temperature and humidity
o No vibration
o Adequate light
o Unfailing source of electric power free of surges
in voltage
and frequency
o Unfailing source of clean dry air of constant

 Types of instrumentation layout:

o Central layout
o Unit layout

Central layout:

Unit layout:

INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM
Its purpose is to provide information quickly for use in
process analysis, production control, specification of
equipment, and preparation of equipment
requisitions..
Constructed on the basis of a process flow diagram.
It should indicate:
o The variable being measured
o Whether indication, recording, or other service is
required
o Whether control or alarm functions are required
o The auxiliary features of instrument or controller
o Type of connecting lines
o Approximate location of the point of measurement
or point of control
o Which instrumentation is to be included in the

SYMBOLS FOR INSTRUMENTATION

DIAGRAMS

IDENTIFICATIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAMS
First letter

second letter

third letter

D- density
A- alarm
A- alarm
F- flow
C- control
C- control
H- hand actuated
E- element(primary)
L- level
G- glass
M- moisture
I- indicating
P- pressure
R- recorder
T- temperature
S- safety
W- well

V- valve

PROCESS ANALYSIS
Procedure for analyzing a process and applying
instrumentation:
Divide the plant function into the smallest operation
elements or
operation units.
List all variables that may affect each process element
Add to this list ambient temperature , ambient
humidity, barometric pressure, sun and wind conditions.
Divide this list of variables into four groups
o Variables to be controlled automatically
o Variables to be measured continuously
o Variables to be measured periodically
o Variables neither measured nor controlled

 For each variable of the automatic control group ,

select:
o A method of measurement that will provide data
most
indicative of the desired process performance.
o A location for the controller- at the control
center or on the unit.
o A style of controller- non indicating, indicating
or recording.
For each variable of continuous measurement group,
decide:
o What method of measurement will provide data
most indicative
o Whether signaling, recording, or indication is
desirable
o Whether the element should be placed at control
center or
on the unit.

THANK
YOU