Professional Documents
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RISHI
KV SVP NPA
SHIVARAMPALLY
Overview
Climate Change, Greenhouse Effect, and Global
Warming Defined
Greenhouse gases
Evidence of global warming
Impact(s) of climate change
Impact on health
Climate change
refers to any distinct change in measures of climate
lasting for a long period of time, including major
changes in temperature, rainfall, snow, or wind
patterns lasting for decades or longer. Climate
change may result from:
natural factors, such as changes in the Suns energy or
slow changes in the Earths orbit around the Sun;
natural processes within the climate system (e.g.,
changes in ocean circulation);
human activities that change the atmospheres make-up
(e.g, burning fossil fuels) and the land surface (e.g.,
cutting down forests, planting trees, building
developments in cities and suburbs, etc.).
Global warming
is an average increase in temperatures near the
Earths surface and in the lowest layer of the
atmosphere.
Increases in temperatures in our Earths
atmosphere can contribute to changes in global
climate patterns.
Global warming can be considered part of
climate change along with changes in
precipitation, sea level, etc.
Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that sees the
Earth's atmosphere insulate the Earth.
Incoming solar radiation (short-wave radiation) is
absorbed at the Earth's surface. The Earth's climatic
system then redistributes this energy around the globe,
through atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns.
Energy is then radiated back from the Earth's surface
into the atmosphere as long-wave radiation
Over time there is an approximate balance in this
incoming (short-wave) and outgoing (long-wave)
radiation. Changes to this balance, such as changes in
the amount of radiation received or lost by the system,
or changes to the distribution cycles within the system,
Greenhouse gases
water vapor and carbon dioxide (CO2), occur
naturally. human activities are adding large amounts
of:
carbon dioxide, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide
(N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride
(SF6).
Since 1750, atmospheric concentrations of CO2,
CH4 and N2O have increased by over 36 percent,
148 percent and 18 percent, respectively. Scientists
have concluded
Global warming increases the likelihood it will be hot or very hot and decreases,
but does not eliminate, the likelihood it will be cold or very cold. Source: IPCC,
2007
Past and projected global average sea level. The gray shaded area shows the
estimates of sea level change from 1800 to 1870 when measurements were not
available. The red line is a reconstruction of sea level change measured by tide
gauges with the surrounding shaded area depicting the uncertainty. The green line
shows sea level change as measured by satellite. The purple shaded area
represents the range of model projections for a medium growth emissions scenario
(IPCC SRES A1B). For reference 100mm is about 4 inches. Source: IPCC, 2007
Water Resources
In a warming climate, extreme events like floods and
droughts are likely to become more frequent.
More frequent floods and droughts will affect water
quality and availability.
increases in drought in some areas may increase
the frequency of water shortages and lead to more
restrictions on water usage.
An overall increase in precipitation may increase
water availability in some regions, but also create
greater flood potential.
Energy
: Warmer temperatures may result in higher
energy bills for air conditioning in summer, and
lower bills for heating in winter. Energy usage is
also connected to water needs. Energy is
needed for irrigation, which will most likely
increase due to climate change. Also, energy is
generated by hydropower in some regions, which
will also be impacted by changing precipitation
patterns.
Coasts
: If you live along the coast, your home may be
impacted by sea level rise and an increase in
storm intensity. Rising seas may contribute to
enhanced coastal erosion, coastal flooding, loss
of coastal wetlands, and increased risk of
property loss from storm surges.
Wildlife
Warmer temperatures and precipitation changes
will likely affect the habitats and migratory
patterns of many types of wildlife.
The range and distribution of many species will
change, and some species that cannot move or
adapt may face extinction.
Indirect
Exposure
Source
Environmental
Exposures
Vehicle
Humans
Humans
Humans
Solar UV
EM Radiation
Tetanus
Anthroponotic
Infections
Humans
Vehicle
Humans
Vehicle
Humans
STDs
Measles
Hepatitis B
Zoonotic
Infections
Animals
Malaria
Dengue
Roundworm
Animals
Vehicle
Animals
Humans
Stream pollutants
Air Particulates
Legionella
Vehicle
Animals
Anthrax
Ebola (?)
CJD
Humans
Lyme Disease
Hantaviral Disease
Most arboviral diseases
Air Pollution
Pollution determined by
emissions & weather
Increases in ozone:
o
o
severity of asthma
Foodborne diseases
Likely increase in cases of food
poisoning
incidence dependent on future food
hygiene behaviour
evidence confirms the effect of
temperature on salmonellosis
role of temperature in Campylobacter
transmission remains uncertain
Waterborne diseases
Likely increase in cases of
Cryptosporidiosis
Impact of increased temperature on
water quality & disinfection
Males
Persons
Females
Year
1 Exponential projections based on data for the ten years 1993-2002
Note: International Classification of Disease and related health problems (ICD) definition of all skin cancers - ICD9 172-173, ICD10 C43-C44.
Source: Health & Social Care Information Centre (2006). Compendium of Clinical & Health Indicators / Clinical & Health Outcomes Knowledge Base http://www.nchod.nhs.uk
Vector-borne diseases
Outbreaks of malaria likely to be
rare
Tick borne likely to be more
common, but relate to land
use/leisure activities rather than
climate change
Lyme disease no observed
correlation between temperature
and incidence
o Tick-borne encephalitis low
chances of occurrence
o
Sensitivit
y
Low
heat stress
effects of storms
air pollution effects
asthma
vector-borne diseases
water-borne diseases
food-borne diseases
sexually-transmitted
diseases
Extreme weather-related
events (natural disasters)
Lead to:
Social disruption
Homelessness
Injuries, deaths,
disability
Impacts on food and
water supply
FROM :- RISHI
SANJULA
MEGHANA
ANJALI
MANISHA