Anatomi sistem muskulo

skeletal manusia
Ns. Herlina,M.Kep.,Sp.Kep.An

PENDAHULUAN
Sistem muskulo skeletal terdiri dari tulang
sendi, oto dan struktur pendukung lainya :
tendon, ligamen, fasia, dan bursae
Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan struktur
ini terjadi selama masa anak-anak dan
remaja
Pada usia 25 tahun pengerasan tulang
telah lengkap

TULANG
206 tulang membentuk kerangka orang dewasa
(20% dari massa tubuh)
80 tulang kerangka aksial
126 tulang kerangka apendikularis
Kesehatan dan fungsi tulang sangat
bergantung pada sistem tubuh yang lain
Struktur tulangmemberi perlindungan terhadap
organ vital (otak, jamtung, dan paru)
Kerangka tulang merupakan kerangka yang
sangat kuat untuk memyangga struktur tubuh
dan otot yang melekat ke tulang
memungkinkan tubuh bergerak

Bone Classification
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Bone Classification:
(b)

tulang panjang

tulang pendek
Sesamoid Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Wormian Bones
(sutural)

(c)

(d)

(a)

(e)

Pembagian skeletal
Axial skeleton
Td: kerangka tulang kepala dan leher, tengkorak,
kolumna vertebrae, tulang iga, tulang hioid
sternum
Apendikular skeleton
Td: 1. kerangka tulang lengan dan kaki
2. ekstrimitas atas : skapula, klavikula,
humerus, ulna, radial ; tangan (karpal,
metakarpal, falang)
3. ekstrimitas bawah : tulang pelvik, femur,
patela, tibia, fibula; kaki : tarsal, metatarsal,
falang

Classification of Bones on the

Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1
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Slide 5.4c

Tulang panjang

Bentuknya silindris
Berukuran panjang seperti batang (doiafisis)
Tersusun atas tulang kompakta
Kedua ujungnya berbentuk bulat/episis
tersusun atas tulang kanselus
Tulang diafisis memiliki lapisan luar berupa
tulang kompakta yang mengelilingi sebuah
rongga tengah yang disebut kanalmedula
Kanal medula mengandung sumsum kuning.

 Sumsung kuning terdiri dari lemak dan

pembuluh darah tetapi suplay atau
eritrositnya tidak terlalu banyak
Tulang epifise terdiri dari tulang
spongiosa yangmengandung sumsung
merah yang isinya sama dengansumsum
kuning dandibungkus oleh selapis tipis
tulang kompakta.
Bagian luar tulang panjang dilapisi
jaringan fibrosa kuat yg disebut
periosteum.
Lapisan ini kaya pembuluh darah yang
menembus tulang

Tiga kelompok yang

menyuplai tulang panjang
Sejumlah arteri kecil menembus tulang
kompakta untuk menyuplai kanal dan
system harvesrs
Banyak arteri yang lebih besar menembus
tulang kompakta untuk menyuplai tulang
spongiosa dan sumsum merah
Satu atau dua arteri besar menyuplai kanal
medula. Arteri ini disebutarteri nutrien yang
kemudian masuk ke foramen nutrien

 Periosteum memberikan nutrisi tulang

dibawahnya melalui pembuluh darah
Jika periosteum robek maka tulang
dibawahnya akan mati
Periosteum berperan dalam pertambahan
ketebalan tulang melalui kerja osteoblast
Periosteum tidak ditemukan pada
permukaan sendi. Fungsiperiosteum
digantikan oleh tulang rawan hialin (tulang
rawan sendi)

Parts of a Long Bone

Epiphysis
Distal
Proximal

Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
Trabeculae
Bone marrow
Red marrow and yellow marrow

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Epiphyseal plates
Articular cartilage
Proximal
epiphysis

Spongy bone
Space containing
red marrow

Endosteum
Compact bone
Medullary cavity
Yellow marrow
Diaphysis

Periosteum

Distal
epiphysis
Femur

11

Tulang Pendek
Bentuknya hampir sama dengan
tulang panjang tetapi bagian distal
lebih kecil daripada bagian tulang
panjang,
Bagian distal lebih kecil daripada
bagian proksimal
Berukuran pendek dan kecil

Tulang Pipih

Contoh: sternum, kepala, skapula, panggul

Bentuknya gepeng
Berisis sel-sel pembentuk darah
Melindungi organ vital dan lunak di bawahnya
Terdiri dari 2lapisan tulang kompakta dan
bagian tengan terdapat lapisan spongiosa
Dilapisi periosteum yang dilewati oleh dua
kelompokpembuluh darah untukmenyuplay
tulang kompaktadan tulang spongiosa

Tulang tak beraturan

Contoh: tulang vertebrae, tulang telinga
tengah
Mempunyai bentuk unik sesuai fungsinya
Terdiri dari tulang spongiosa yang dibungkus
oleh selapis tipis tulang kompakta
Diselubungi oleh periosteum seperti tulang
pipih keculai pada peermukaan sendinya
Periosteum tsb memberi dua kelompok
pembuluh darah untuk menyupali tulang
kompakta danspongiosa

Tulang sesamoid
Contoh: patela
Merupakan tulang kecil yang terletak
di sekitar tulang yang berdekatan
dengan persendian
Berkembang bersama tendon dan
fasia

STRUKTUR TULANG
Tulang tersusun oleh jaringan
kompakta (kortikal) dan kanselus
(trabekularatau spongiosa)
Tulang kompaktasecaramakroskopis
terlihatpadat tetapi secara
mikroskopis terdiri dari sistem Havers
Sistem havers tardiri dari kanal
havers

 Sebuah kanal havers terdiri dari pembuluh

darah, saraf, dan pembuluh limfe, lamela
(lempengan tulang yang mengelilingi kanal
sentral), kaluna (ruang di antara lamela yang
mengandung sel-seltulang atau osteosit dan
saluran limfe), dan kanalikuli (saluran kecil
yang menghubungkan lakuna dan kanal
sentral)
Saluran ini mengandung pembuluh limfe yang
membawa nutrien dan oksigen ke osteosit

 Tulang kanselus juga keras seperti

tulang kompakta, tetapi secara
mikroskopis terlihat berlubanglubang (spons)
Secara miskroskopistulang kanselus
terlihat lebih besar dan mengandung
sedikit lamela

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Figure 5.3

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Slide

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Lacunae
Cavities containing
bone cells
(osteocytes)
Arranged in
concentric rings

Lamellae
Rings around the
central canal
Sites of lacunae
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Figure 5.3

Slide

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Canaliculi
Tiny canals
Radiate from the
central canal to
lacunae
Form a transport
system
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Figure 5.3

Slide

Spongy Bone
Spongy bone is aka cancellous bone
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Spongy
bone
Compact
bone

(a)

Remnant of
epiphyseal plate

Spongy bone

Compact bone

(b)

(c)

Spongy
bone

Compact
bone

a: Ed Reschke; b,c: Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.

22

Sel-sel penyusun tulang

Osteoblas : berfungsi menghasilkan jaringan osteosid
danmenyekresi fosfatase alkali yg berperan penting
dalam pengendapan kalsium dan fosfat dalam matriks
tulang
Osteosit : adl sel-sel tulang dewasa yang bertindak
sebagai lintasan untuk pertukaran kimiawi melalui
tulang yang padat
Osteoklast: sel-sel berinti banyak yang memungkinkan
mineral dan matriks tulang dapat diabsorbsi . Sel ini
menghasilkan enzim proteolitik yang memecah matriks
dan beberapa asam yang melarutkan mineral tulang,
sehinggakalsium dan fosfat terlepas ke dalam darah

PERTUMBUHAN
&METABOLISME TULANG
Pertumbuhan dan metabolisme tulang
dipengaruhi oleh beberapa mineral dan
hormon sbb:
1. Kalsium dan fosfor. Jika Ca meningkat,
jumlah fosfor berubah. Keseimbangan
Ca &fosfor dipertahankan oleh hormon
kalsitonin & paratoroid (PTH)
2. Kalsitonin. Diproduksi oleh kelenjar tiroid.
Menurunkan konsentrasi Ca Serum.

3. Vitamin D: diperlukan agar kalsium dan

fosfor dapatdiabsorbsi dari usus
dandigunakan oleh tubuuh. Defisiensi vit
D mengakibatkan defisit mineralisasi,
deformitas, patah tulang
4. Hormon paratiroid (PTH).
bilaCamenurunmaka PTHmeningkat dan
menstimulasi tulang untukmeningkatkan
aktivitas osteoblastik dan menyumbangka
kalsium darah

5. Hormon pertumbuhan/GH: bertanggung

jawab meningkatkan panjang tulang dan
jumlah matriks tulamg
6. glukokortikoid: mengatur metabolisme
protein untuk mengurangi ataupun
mengintensifkan matriks organik ditulang
danmembantu pengaturan klasiumdi
intestinumdan absorbsi fosfor

7. hormon seksual
a.Estrogen: menstimulasi aktivitas
osteoblasttik dan cenderung menghambat
hormon paratiroid. Estrogen menurun saat
menopause sehingga tjd penurunan kadar
kalsium pada tulang dalamwaktu lama
menyebabkan osteoporosis
b.Androgen seperti testosteron: meningkatkan
anabolisme dan massa tulang

Factors Affecting Bone

Development, Growth and
Repair
Deficiency of Vitamin A retards bone development
Deficiency of Vitamin C results in fragile bones
Deficiency of Vitamin D rickets, osteomalacia
Insufficient Growth Hormone dwarfism
Excessive Growth Hormone gigantism, acromegaly
Insufficient Thyroid Hormone delays bone growth
Sex Hormones promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal
plates
Physical Stress stimulates bone growth

28

FUNGSI SKELETAL
1. Memberi struktur dan bentuk tubuh
2. Mendukung jaringan sekitarnya (otot dan
tendon)
3. Melindungi organ tubuh (jantung, otak, paru, dan
jaringan lunak)
4. Membantu pergerakan melalui pergerakan otot
danpembentukan sendi
5. Membentuk sel-sel darahmerah dalamsumsum
tulang merah
6. Sebagai tempaat penyimpanan garam
mineral,seperti garam kalsium dan fosfor

Klasifikasi sendi
Sendi sinartrosis (sendi tidak
bergerak sama sekali) : sutura tulang
tengkorak
Sendi amfiartrosis (sendi bergerak
bebas): pelvik, simfisis, tibia
Sendi diartrosis/sinovial (sendi
bergerak bebas). Contoh: siku, lutu,
pergelangan tangan

Gerakan sendi sinovial

1. Abduksi: gerakan tungkai menjauhi tubuh
2. Adduksi: gerakan tungkai mendekati tubuh
3. Ekstensi: meluruskan tungkai pada
persendian
4. Fleksi: membengkokkan tungkai pada sendi
5. Dorso-fleksi: membengkokkan pergelangan
agarkaki keatas
6. Plantar-fleksi: meluruskan pergelangan ke
arah bawah

7. pronasi: memutar lengan atas shg telapak

tangan berada di bawah
8. Supinasi: memutarlengan atas sehingga
telapak tangan berada diatas
9. Inversi: memutar ke dalam
10.sirkumduksi: bergerak ke dalam lingkaran
11.Internal rotasi: bergerak kedalam pada satu
sumbu pusat
12. Eksternal rotasi: bergerak ke luar
padasumbu pusat

Klasifikasi sendi
berdasarkan strukturnya
1. Fibrosa : tidak memiliki tulang rawan,
dan tulang satunya dihubungkan oleh
jaringan penyambung fibrossa. Contoh:
sutura tulang tengkorak, perlekatan
tulang tibia dan fibula bagian distal
2. Kartilago : sendi yang ujung-ujung
tulangkanya terbungkus oleh tulang
rawan hialin, disokong oleh ligamen dan
hanya dapat sedikit bergerak

Fibrous Joints
Bones united by fibrous tissue
synarthrosis or largely immovable.

Figure 5.27d, e
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Slide 5.46

 Kartilago dibagi menjadi 2:

a.Sinkondrosis: sendi-sendi yang seluruh
persendiannya diliputi oleh tulang rawan
hialin. Contoh: sendi-sendi kosto-kondral
b.Simfisis: sendi yang tulang-tulangnya
memiliki suatu hubungan fibrokartilago
dan selapis tipis tulang rawan hialinyang
menyelimutii permukaan sendi. Contoh:
simfisis pubis dan sendi tulang punggung

Cartilaginous Joints mostly

amphiarthrosis

Bones connected by cartilage

Examples
Pubic
symphysis
Intervertebral
joints

Figure 5.27b, c
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings

Slide 5.47

3. Sendi sinovial : sendi yang dapat

digerakkan serta memiliki rongga
sendi dan permukaan sendi dilapisi
tulang rawan hialin

The Synovial Joint

Figure 5.28
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Slide 5.51

Struktur Anatomi sendi

sinovial

Types of Synovial Joints Based on

Shape

Figure 5.29ac
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Slide

Types of Synovial Joints Based on

Shape

Figure 5.29df
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Slide

OTOT
Otot skeletal secara volunter dikendalikan
oleh sistem saraf pusat dan perifer
Penghubung antara saraf motorik perifer
dan sel-sel otot dikenal sebagai motor endplate
Otot dibagi dalam 3kelompok dengan funsi
utama untuk kontraksi dan menghasilkan
gerakan sebagian atau seluruh tubuh
Kelompokotot: 1. otot lurik, 2. otot viseral, 3.
otot jantung

Types of muscle tissue:

Skeletal muscle tissue
Associated with & attached to the skeleton
Under our conscious (voluntary) control
Microscopically the tissue appears striated
Cells are long, cylindrical & multinucleate

Cardiac muscle tissue

Makes up myocardium of heart
Unconsciously (involuntarily) controlled
Microscopically appears striated
Cells are short, branching & have a single nucleus
Cells connect to each other at intercalated discs

Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue

Makes up walls of organs & blood vessels
Tissue is non-striated & involuntary
Cells are short, spindle-shaped & have a single nucleus
Tissue is extremely extensible, while still retaining ability to contract

Anatomy of skeletal muscles

epimysium
tendon

perimysium

Muscle
Fascicle
Surrounded by
perimysium

Skeletal
muscle
Surrounded by
epimysium

endomysium
Skeletal
muscle
fiber (cell)
Surrounded by
endomysium

Fungsi otot skelet

Mengontrol pergerakan,
mempertahankanposturtubuh, dan
menghasilkan panas

KONTRAKSI OTOT

Struktur laindalam
sistemmuskuloskeletal
1. Ligamen : sekumpulan jaringan fibrosa
yang tebal yang merupakan akhir suatu
otot dan berfungsi mengikat tulang
2. Tendon: perpanjangandari pembungkus
fibrosa yang membungkus setiap
ototdanberkaitan dengan periosteum
jaringan penyambung yang
mengelilingi tendon, khususnya pada
pergelangan kaki dan tumit

3. Fasia : suatu permukaan jaringan

penyambung longgar yang di dapatkan
langsung di bawah kulit sebagai fasia
superfisial jaringan penyambung fibrosa yang
membungkus otot, saraf, dan pembuluh
darah
4. Bursae: suatu kantong kecildari jaringan
penyambung, yang digunakan di atas bagian
yang bergerak, contoh: busae olekranon yang
terletak di antara prosesus dan kulit

TUGAS BACA

Microanatomy of a Muscle Fiber (cell)

Microanatomy of a Muscle Fiber (Cell)

transverse
(T) tubules

sarcoplasmic
reticulum
terminal
cisternae

sarcolemma
myoglobin
mitochondria

thick myofilament
thin myofilament

myofibril

nuclei

triad

Muscle fiber

sarcomere
Z-line

myofibril

Thin filaments

Thick filaments

Thin myofilament

Myosin molecule of
thick myofilament

Thin Myofilament

Z-line
(Z-disc)

(myosin binding site)

Thick myofilament

M-line

(has

ATP
& actin
binding
site)

Play IP sliding filament theory p.5-14 for overview of thin & thick filaments

Sarcomere
A band

Z line

Z line
H zone

I band
Thin
myofilaments

Zone of
overlap

Thick
myofilaments

M line

Zone of
overlap

Sliding Filament Theory

Myosin heads attach to actin molecules (at binding (active) site)
Myosin pulls on actin, causing thin myofilaments to slide across thick myofilaments,
towards the center of the sarcomere
Sarcomere shortens, I bands get smaller, H zone gets smaller, & zone of overlap
increases

 As sarcomeres shorten, myofibril shortens. As myofibrils shorten, so does muscle

fiber
Once a muscle fiber begins to contract, it will contract maximally
This is known as the all or none principle

Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction

Skeletal muscles require stimulation from the nervous system in order to
contract
Motor neurons are the cells that cause muscle fibers to contract

cell body
dendrites

axon

telodendria

Synaptic terminals
(synaptic end bulbs)

axon hillock

motor neuron

End bulbs contain

vesicles filled with
Acetylcholine (Ach)

Neuromuscular junction
telodendria

Synaptic
terminal
(end bulb)
Synaptic
vessicles
containing ACh

Synaptic cleft

Neuromuscular
junction

Motor end plate

of sarcolemma

Overview of Events at the neuromuscular junction

An action potential (AP), an electrical impulse, travels down the axon of the motor
neuron to the end bulbs (synaptic terminals)
The AP causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the end bulb membrane, resulting
in the release of Acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic cleft
ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft & binds to ACh receptors on the motor end
plate
The binding of ACh to its receptors causes a new AP to be generated along the
muscle cell membrane
Immediately after it binds to its receptors, Ach will be broken down by
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) an enzyme present in the synaptic cleft

Action potential

Arrival of an action potential

at the synaptic terminal

Axon

Arriving action potential

Synaptic terminal

Sarcolemma

Vesicles
ACh
Synaptic
cleft
Sarcolemma of
motor end plate

AChE molecules
ACh
receptor
site

Muscle
fiber

An action potential (AP), an electrical impulse, travels down the axon of the motor
neuron to the end bulbs (synaptic terminals)

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Figure 7-4(b-c)
2 of 5

Action potential

Arrival of an action potential

at the synaptic terminal

Axon

Arriving action potential

Synaptic terminal

Sarcolemma

Vesicles
ACh
AChE molecules

Synaptic
cleft
Sarcolemma of
motor end plate

ACh
receptor
site

Muscle
fiber

Release of acetylcholine
Vesicles in the synaptic terminal fuse
with the neuronal membrane and dump
their contents into the synaptic cleft.

The AP causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the end

bulb membrane, resulting in the release of Acetylcholine
(ACh) into the synaptic cleft

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-4(b-c)
3 of 5

Action potential

Arrival of an action potential

at the synaptic terminal

Axon

Arriving action potential

Synaptic terminal

Sarcolemma

Vesicles
ACh
AChE molecules

Synaptic
cleft
Sarcolemma of
motor end plate

ACh
receptor
site

ACh binding at the

motor and plate

Release of acetylcholine
Vesicles in the synaptic terminal fuse
with the neuronal membrane and dump
their contents into the synaptic cleft.

Muscle
fiber

The binding of ACh to the receptors

increases the membrane permeability to
sodium ions. Sodium ions then rush
into the cell.

ACh diffuses across the

synaptic cleft & binds to ACh
receptors on the motor end
plate

Na+
Na+
Na+

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Figure 7-4(b-c)
4 of 5

The binding of ACh to its receptors causes a new AP to

be generated along the muscle cell membrane

Immediately after it binds to its receptors, ACh will be

broken down by Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) an
enzyme present in the synaptic cleft

Physiology of Skeletal Muscle

Contraction
Once an action potential (AP) is generated
at the motor end plate it will spread like an
electrical current along the sarcolemma of the
muscle fiber
The AP will also spread into the T-tubules,
exciting the terminal cisternae of the
sarcoplasmic reticula
This will cause Calcium (Ca+2 ) gates in the
SR to open, allowing Ca+2 to diffuse into the
sarcoplasm
Calcium will bind to troponin (on the thin
myofilament), causing it to change its
shape. This then pulls tropomyosin away
from the active sites (myosin binding sites)
of actin molecules.

Table 7-1

The exposure of the active sites allow

myosin to bind to actin, and cause the
sliding of the filaments

Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction events at the

myofilaments
Resting sarcomere
ADP
+
P

Myosin head
Troponin

Active-site exposure
ADP
+ P

Sarcoplasm
Ca2+

Tropomyosin

Actin

Active site
ADP
P +

Ca2+
ADP
P +

Calcium (Ca+2 ) gates in the SR open, allowing Ca+2 to diffuse into the
sarcoplasm
Calcium will bind to troponin (on the thin myofilament), causing it to change its
shape.
This then pulls tropomyosin away from the active sites of actin molecules.

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-5
3 of 7

Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction events at the

myofilaments
Resting sarcomere
ADP
+
P

Myosin head
Troponin

Active-site exposure
ADP
+ P

Sarcoplasm
Ca

Actin

ADP
+ P

2+

Tropomyosin

Cross-bridge formation

Ca2+

Active site
ADP
P +

Ca2+
ADP
P +

ADP Ca2+
P +

Myosin heads are energized by the presence of ADP + PO43- at the ATP binding site
(energy is released as phosphate bond of ATP breaks)
Once the active sites are exposed, the energized myosin heads hook into actin
molecules forming cross-bridges

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-5
4 of 7

Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction events at the

myofilaments
Resting sarcomere
ADP
+
P

Myosin head
Troponin

Active-site exposure
ADP
+ P

Sarcoplasm
Ca

Actin

ADP
+ P

2+

Tropomyosin

Cross-bridge formation

Ca2+

Active site
ADP
P +

ADP Ca2+
P +

Ca2+
ADP
P +

Using the stored energy, the attached myosin heads

Pivoting of myosin head

pivot toward the center of the sarcomere

The ADP & phosphate group are released from the
myosin head

ADP + P

Ca2+

Ca2+
ADP + P

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-5
5 of 7

Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction events at the

myofilaments
Resting sarcomere
ADP
+
P

Myosin head
Troponin

Active-site exposure
ADP
+ P

Sarcoplasm
Ca

Actin

ADP
+ P

2+

Tropomyosin

Cross-bridge formation

Ca2+

Active site
ADP
P +

A new molecule of
ATP binds to the
myosin head, causing
the cross bridge to
detach from the actin
strand
The myosin head will
get re-energized as the
ATP ADP+P

ADP Ca2+
P +

Ca2+
ADP
P +

Cross bridge detachment

Pivoting of myosin head

ATP

ADP + P

Ca2+

Ca2+
Ca2+
ATP

Ca2+
ADP + P

As long as the active sites are still exposed, the myosin head can bind again

to the next active site

Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction events at the

myofilaments
Resting sarcomere
ADP
+
P

Myosin head
Troponin

Active-site exposure
ADP
+ P

Sarcoplasm
Ca

Actin

ADP
+ P

2+

Tropomyosin

Cross-bridge formation

Ca2+

Active site
ADP
P +

Myosin reactivation

ADP Ca2+
P +

Ca2+
ADP
P +

Cross bridge detachment

Pivoting of myosin head

ATP

ADP
+ P

ADP + P

Ca2+

Ca2+

Ca2+
ADP
P +

Ca2+
Ca2+
ATP

Ca2+
ADP + P

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CepeYFvqmk4
-animation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvMFdNw35L0
animation with Taylor Swift song

Physiology of Skeletal Muscle

Contraction
If there are no longer APs generated on
the motor neuron, no more ACh will be
released
AChE will remove ACh from the motor
end plate, and AP transmission on the
muscle fiber will end
Ca+2 gates in the SR will close & Ca+2 will
be actively transported back into the SR
With Ca+2 removed from the sarcoplasm
(& from troponin), tropomyosin will re-cover
the active sites of actin
No more cross-bridge interactions can
form
Thin myofilaments slide back to their
resting state
Table 7-1

Skeletal muscle fibers shorten as thick

filaments interact with thin filaments (cross
bridge) and sliding occurs (power stroke).
The trigger for contraction is the calcium
ions released by the SR when the muscle
fiber is stimulated by its motor neuron.
Contraction is an active process; relaxation
and the return to resting length is entirely
passive.

These physiological processes describe what

happen at the cellular level how skeletal
muscle fibers contract
But what about at the organ level? How do
skeletal muscles (like your biceps brachii)
contract to create useful movement?

 Skeletal muscles are made up of thousands of muscle fibers

A single motor neuron may directly control a few fibers within a muscle, or
hundreds to thousands of muscle fibers
All of the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron constitute a motor
unit

 The size of the motor unit determines how fine the control of
movement can be
small motor units precise control (e.g. eye muscles
large motor units gross control (e.g. leg muscles)

Play IP Contraction of motor units p. 3-7

 Recruitment is the ability to activate more motor units as more force (tension)
needs to be generated
Hypertrophy stressing a muscle (i.e. exercise) causes more
myofilaments/myofibrils to be produced within muscle fibers; allows for more
cross bridges resulting in more force (strength) as well as larger size

There are always some motor units active,

even when at rest. This creates a resting
tension known as muscle tone, which helps
stabilize bones & joints, & prevents atrophy

Play IP Contraction of motor units p. 3-7

Anatomy of the Muscular System

Origin
Muscle attachment that remains

fixed

Insertion
Muscle attachment that moves
Action
What joint movement a muscle
i.e. flexion, extension, abduction,

produces
etc.

 For muscles to create a movement, they can only

pull, not push
Muscles in the body rarely work alone, & are usually
arranged in functional groups surrounding a joint
A muscle that contracts to create the desired action is
known as an agonist or prime mover
A muscle that helps the agonist is a synergist
A muscle that opposes the action of the agonist,
therefore undoing the desired action is an antagonist

Skeletal muscle movements at joints

Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
Rotation left/right; internal(medial)/external(lateral)
pronation/supination
Elevation/depression
Protraction/retraction
Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
Inversion/eversion

Naming of
skeletal
muscles

 An
Overview of
the Major
Skeletal
Muscles

Figure 7-11(a)

 An Overview
of the Major
Skeletal
Muscles

Figure 7-11(b)

TERIMAKASIH
SEMOGA MENJADI ILMU
YANG BERMANFAAT