TEAM

PURPLE

VERBS AND
VERB PHRAS

Types of
verb

LEXICAL

alk, talk, write, play, et

AUXILIAR
Y
PRIMARY
MODA

Do, have, be

L
Can,
may,

VERBAL
FORMS &
THE VERB
PHRASE

BASE ( V )
- All the present tense except
3rd person singular:
I/you/we/they
call at
every
day
- Imperative: Call
once!
- Subjunctive: He demanded
that she call and she him.
- The bare infinitive: He wants
her to call

- S FORM (VS
)
3 person
rd

singular present
tense:
He/she/ it calls

PAST ( V-ED1 )
Past tense: He
called yesterday

-ING
PARTICIPLE(V
- Progressive aspect
) Hes
( be + V-ing):

ING

calling
a moment
- In inginparticiple
clauses: Calling early, i
found her at home

-ED PARTICIPLE
(V-ED2)
- Perfective aspect
( have+V-ed2): He
-hasnt
Passive
voice
( be +Vcalled
yet
ed2): He is called back
- In ed participle
clauses: Called early,
he had a quick

The morphology of
lexical verbs
Lexical
verbs

regul
ar

irregu
lar

The s form and ing participle are predictable from the

base from
The differ: the ed1 and ed2

Regular lexical verbs

Ving-

Ex:
call,
like,
try,

Ex:
calling,
liking,
trying,

=> A very powerful rule

V-s
Ex:
calls,
likes,
tries,

V-ed
Ex:
called,
liked,
tried,..

The -ing and -s

forms

1. The ing form: a straightforward

addition to the base

l ceases to be syllabic before the inflection

ex: wriggle -> wriggling
.

Whether or not speakers

pronouce r, the r is
pronouced before the
inflection
ex:

2. The s form: is predictable from the base

The s form
/iz/
Ex: pass ->
passes
buzz ->
buzzes
catch ->
catches

/z/
Ex: call -> calls
rob -> robs
flow ->
flows
note: do -> does,
go -> goes, have
-> has, say ->says

/s/
Ex: cut -> cuts
lock ->
locks
sap ->
saps

The past and the ed

participle
Spelled ed unless the base ends in e
There are 3 spoken realizations:

/ld/: d,t
Ex: pad
padded
pat patted

/d/:other
than d
Ex: mow
mowed
budge
budged

/t/: other
than t
Ed: pass
passed
pack
packed

Further inflectional
spelling rules
Doubling of consonant
Double the last letter of the verb
:
Stop => Stopped / stopping
Refer => Referred / referring
Dont double the last letter of
the verb :
Visit => visited / visiting

When to double a consonant before

adding -ed and -ing to a verb
We double the final
letter when a onesyllable verb ends
inconsonant +
vowel + consonant.*

stop,
rob, sit

stopping,
stopped,
robbing,
robbed,
sitting

We double the final

letter when a word
has more than one
syllable, and when
the final syllable is
stressed in speech.

beGIN,
preFER

beginning,
preferring,
preferred

LISten,
HAPpen

listening,
listened,
happening
,
happened

If the final syllable

isnotstressed, we
donotdouble the
final letter.

Exceptions :

-g -> -gg ; -c -> -ck

Examples : Humbug => humbugging / humbugged

Traffic
=> trafficking
/ trafficked
l -> ll ; m -> mm ; p -> pp
Verb
BrE
AmE
Signal
Signalling
Signaling
Travel
Travelled
Traveled
Program
Programming
Programing
Workship
Workshipping

Words ending in Y
Consonant + Y
-ED : Change the Y to I and add -ED
Ex :
Study => Studied
Marry => Married
-Ing : Add -Ing
Ex :
Carry => Carrying
Reply => Replying

 Vowel + Y
-ED : add ed
Ex : Stay => Stayed
Play => Played
-Ing : add ing
Ex : Enjoy => Enjoying
Stray => Straying

Words ending in E
-ed : simple add d
Ex : Smile => Smiled
Fine => Fined
-ing : drop the E & add ing
Ex : Dance => Dancing
Shake => Shaking

 Exceptions : -ee ; -ye ; -oe ; -ge

Do not drop the e before ing
Drop the e before ed

Ex :
-ee : agree => agreeing
-ye : dye
=> dyeing
-oe : hoe => hoeing
-ge : singe => singeing

/ agreed
/ dyed
/ hoed
/ singed

Irregular lexical verbs:

Irrregular lexical verbs difer from regular verbs in the following ways:
1.Irregular verbs either do not have a /d/ or /t/ inflection or break the rule in The past
and the -ed participle for a voiced inflection
2. Irregular verbs typically,but not necessarily,have variation in their base vowel
Example: find - fond - found
3. It have a varying number of distinct forms. Since the s and ing forms are
predictable for regular and irregular verbs are the base, the past (V-ed), and the
past participle (VP2 ). Most irregular verbs have, like regular verbs,only one common
form for the past and the - ed participle, but there is considerable variation in this
respect,as the table show:
These characteristics form the basis of the classification that follows. In many
cases,there are prefixed verbs having the same inflections
BASE

V-ed

VP2

all alike

cut

cut

cut

V-ed=Ved

meet

met

met

V=V-ed

come

came

come

all
different

speak

spoke

spoken


Class1: - V-ed ,is identical with
VP2
- Suffixation is used but
voicing is variable.
- Vowel identity in all
the parts.
Example:

V-ed

burn

burnt

learn

learnt

bend

bent

build

built

have

had

make

made

Class 3 : - All three parts V,V-ed

and VP2 are identical
- No suffix or change of
the base vowel

Example : bet,knit,shut,let,slit.

Class 4: - V-ed is identical with V P2

- No suffixation
- Change of base vowel

V-ed

bleed

bled

bread

bred

cling

clung

dig

dug

bind

bound

find

found

light

lit

slide

slit

sit

sat

spit

spat

get

got

shine

shone

fight

fought

stand

stood

stride

strode


Class 5 : V-ed is regular, V-ed has two forms,one regular,the other nasal

V-ed

V-ed

hew

hewed

hewn

mow

mowed

mown

show

showed

shown

sow

sowed

sown

Class 6 : V-ed and VP2 are irregular,the latter always suffixed and
usually with - (e)n. There are subclasses as follows:
A: V-ed and VP2 have
the same vowel
Eg:
V

V-ed

VP2

break

broke

broken

choose

chose

chosen

freeze

froze

frozen

B: V and VP2 have the same vowel

Eg:
V

V-ed

VP2

Give

gave

given

draw

drew

drawn

fall

fell

fallen

C: All three parts have different vowel

V

V-ed

VP2

drive

drove

driven

fly

flew

flown

do

did

done

D: All three parts have the same vowel

Eg: beat-beat-beaten

E: V-ed and VP2 have different vowels

Eg: Dive- dove - dived

Class 7: V-ed and VP2 are irregular,there is ni suffixation but there is always some vowel change
Eg:
V

V-ed

VP2

begin

began

begun

drink

drank

drank

come

came

come

run

ran

run