Analog Measurement of

Electric Quantities
Analog Measurement of Electrical Quantities-Electro
dynamic, Thermocouple, Electrostatic & Rectifier type
Ammeters & Voltmeters, Electro Dynamic Wattmeter,
Three Phase Wattmeter, Power in Three Phase System,
errors and remedies in Wattmeter and Energy meter.
Instrument Transformer and their applications in the
extension
of
instrument
range,
Introduction
to
measurement of speed, frequency and power factor

Introduction

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Classification of
Instruments

Instruments
Absolute
Secondary
Depending
Magnetic
Standard
Indicating
Instruments
Instruments
upon
Meter
Meters
instruments
permissible
the principlepercentage
application
of operation
error

Essential Requirements of an
Instruments

1.Deflecting System

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2.Controlling System

2.(a).Gravity Control

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Advantages & Disadvantages of

Gravity Control

2.(b).Spring Control

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3.Damping System

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3.(a).Air Friction
Damping

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3.(b).Fluid Friction
Damping

Advantages & Disadvantages of

Fluid Friction Damping

3.(c).Eddy Current
Damping

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In this method an aluminum disc is connected to the spindle. This
arrangement of disc is such that when it rotates, it cuts the
magnetic flux lines of a permanent magnet. The arrangement is
shown in fig.
When the pointer oscillates, aluminum disc rotates under the
influence of magnetic field of damping magnet.
So disc cuts the flux which causes an induced e.m.f. in the disc.
The disc is a closed path. Hence induced e.m.f. circulates current
through the disc called eddy current.
The direction of such eddy current is so as oppose the cause
producing it. The cause is relative motion between disc and field.
Thus it produces an opposing torque so as to reduce the
oscillations of pointer. This bridge pointer to rest quickly. This is
most effective and efficient method.

Permanent Magnet Moving

Coil(PMMC)

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Torque Equation of
PMMC Meter

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Advantages of PMMC
Type Meter

Disadvantages of PMMC Type

Meter

Taut Band Instrument

Temperature Compensation In
PMMC Type Instrument

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Errors in PMMC
Instrument
The basic source of errors in PMMC instruments are
friction, temperature and aging of various parts.
The most serious error are produced by the heat
generated or by change in the temperature. This
changes the resistance of the working coil, causing
large errors. In case of voltmeters, a large series
resistance of very low temperature coefficient is used.
This reduces the temperature error.
The aging of permanent magnet and control springs
also cause errors. The weakening of magnet and springs
cause opposite errors. The weakening of magnet cause
less deflection while weakening of the control springs
cause large deflection, for a particular value of current.

Moving Iron(MI)
Instruments
The moving Iron Instruments are classified as :
1) Moving Iron attraction type instruments
2) Moving Iron repulsion Type Instruments.

The basic working principle of

Moving Iron Attraction
Typeis very
these instruments
simple that a soft iron piece if
Instrument
brought near the magnet gets

attracted by the magnet.

It consists of a fixed coil C and
moving iron piece D. The coil
is flat and has a narrow slot
like opening. The moving iron
is a flat disc which is
eccentrically
mounted on
spindle.
The spindle is supported
between jewel bearings. The
spindle carries a pointer which
moves over a graduated scale.
The number of turns of the
fixed coil are dependent on
the range of the instrument.
For passing large current
through a coil only few turns

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Moving Iron Repulsion Type

Instrument

Radial Vane Repulsion Type

Instruments

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Concentric Vane Repulsion Type

Instruments

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Torque Equation of MI
Instruments

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Advantages of MI
Instruments

Disadvantages of MI
Instruments

Errors in MI Instruments

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Electrodynamometer Type
Instruments

Why PMMC instruments can not

be used for a.c. measurements?

Construction of PMMC Type

Instruments

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Torque Equation of
Electrodynamometer Type Instruments

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Different Connections of
Electrodynamometer Type
Instruments

Advantages of Electrodynamometer
Type Instruments

Disadvantages of Electrodynamometer
Type Instruments

Errors in Electrodynamometer
Type Instruments

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Basic D.C. Ammeter

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Requirements of a Shunt

Basic D.C. Voltmeter

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Requirements of a
Multiplier

Sensitivity of Voltmeters
The sensitivity of a voltmeter means the response
given by a wattmeter to input signal.
It is defined as the ratio of the total circuit resistance
(RT) to the voltage range.
It is also defined as the reciprocal of the full scale
deflection current of basic movement.
Sensitivity is denoted by S.
S=1/Ifsd

Sensitivity is used to find out the value of multiplier

resistance in case of basic d.c. voltmeters. The
sensitivity can be written as,
S=RT /V
Where, RT = Total circuit resistance

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Now total circuit resistance is,
RT = RS + Rm
Where, Rs = Value of multiplier
Rm = Internal resistance of a meter
but, Rs = RT Rm
and RT = S x V
We get, Rs = (S x V) Rm

Electrostatic Instruments

Electrostatic
Voltmeter(ESVM)

Types of Electrostatic
Instruments

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Thermocouple
Instruments

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A.C. Voltmeter Using

Rectifier

(I) A.C. signal is First Rectified

and Then Amplified

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(II) A.C. signal is First Amplified

and Then Rectified

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Basic Rectifier Type A.C.

Voltmeter

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Hot-Wire Instrument

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Attracted Disc Type Kelvin Absolute

Electrometer

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Introduction to Power
Measurements

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Concept of Power of A.C.

Circuits

Power Triangle

Electro Dynamometer Type

Wattmeter