*

HYDROMETER

BY;
GROUPL01P2
NUR ANEESA ABDUL HALIM
55101313060
DAENG AMIR MUSTAZA
55101313
NOR RAZILA OTHMAN
55101313170
AHMAD FARHAN ZULKIFLI 55101313

* A hydrometer is an instrument used to

measure the specific gravity of liquids

* That is, the ratio of the density of the liquid

to the density of water.

* It has a glass bulb which contains some lead to

make it float upright and long narrow neck
with a scale mark on it caused the hydrometer
more sensitive.

*INTRODUCTION OF

HYDROMETER
2

PRINCIPLE OPERATION USED IN

HYDROMETER
The operation the hydrometer is based on the
Archimedes principle that a solid suspended in a
fluid will be buoyed up by a force equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced. Thus, the lower the
density of the substance, the further the
hydrometer will sink

* The large air filled glass bulb is used to displace more liquid

and it caused the up thrust increases. Hence, the hydrometer

floats.

* In a liquid of lesser density, the hydrometer is more

submerged.

* The hydrometer floats higher in a liquid of higher density.

* In many industries a set of hydrometers is used

to covering specific gravity ranges of 1.00.95,
0.950.9 etc.

* To provide more precise measurement.

* A hydrometer's accuracy can be verified by

measuring the specific gravity of liquids with a

known temperature and composition.

R
A
N
G
E
S
C
A
L
E

P
U
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P
O
S
E

* To measure the specific gravity of different

sample of oil

* To calculate the API gravity value of oil sample

* To calibrate for different reference and sample
temperatures.

OF HYDROMETER MEASUREMENT

*HANDS ON HYDROMETER
* API Gravity = (141.5 / SG ) 131.5
1.Pour

the water and oil sample to its container

respectively.

2.Free the air bubbles.

3.Insert the hydrometer.
4.Stir the sample gently.
5.Allow the hydrometer to come at rest.
6.Observe and record the reading.
7

* SG = 0.793 g/cm3
* SG theory = 0.780.81 g/cm3
* API value = 46.9363 degrees
* API value theory = 43.19 - 49.9 degrees

*SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF
KEROSENE

12/28/15

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES
* Breakable Glassware
* Very small measuring range
* Limited accuracy
* Large sample volume

* Simple method
* Quick measurement
* Inexpensive instrument

required

*ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES
9

HYDROMETER
* Very small measuring range

(requires several hydrometers

to cover a wider range,
typically 20 units)

* Slower measurement
* Only involve one measuring unit
* Required large volume of
sample

* Less accurate

DENSITOMETER
* Calibration within the density
range 650-2000 kg/m3(0.652.00 g/ml)

* Quick measurement
* Supported other measuring
units

* Required only 2 mL of sample

* Accurate
* User friendly

*COMPARISON OF

HYDROMETER AND
DENSITYMETER
10

* Breakable Glassware
* Exposure to hazardous petroleum
* Presence of air bubbles
* Large sample volume required
* Contaminations of oil sample slightly occur
* Inaccurate measurement when floating near
the wall of measuring cylinder

*PROBLEMS
11

* Hydrometers should be stored in clean, dry, safe

places.

* Hydrometer also should not be subjected to extreme

temperature

* Wear complete Personal Protective Equipment

* Ensure no presence of air bubble
* Avoid contamination of oil sample
* Ensure hydrometer is floating freely at center of liqiud
* Throw waste into waste container

*RECOMMENDATIONS