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Element 1.2
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Pascal's Law
1. The pressure exerted by fluid on the wall of a containing
vessel is at right angles to the surface.
2. Pressure exerted by liquid at any point is equal in all
directions
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Pascal's Law.
3. Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted
undiminished throughout the confined vessel of system
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Pascal's Law.
P = Pressure.
Kg/cm2
F
F = Force.
Kgs
A= Area
cm2
P=
A
or
F=
P
1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Pascal's Law.
100 kgs
1000 kgs
10 cm2
P=
100 cm2
100 kgs
10 cm2
F=PXA
1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components
= 10 Kg/cm2
1000 Kgs.
Big Load
High Pressure
Low flow.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
No Load
Low Pressure.
High flow.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Graphic Symbols are used in place of actual component
drawings because they are easier to read and quick to draw.
The symbols are of a standard recognised worldwide
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Lines
Reservoirs
Flow Control
1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols?
1. Fixed Orifice.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols?
1. Fixed Orifice.
2. Tandem Pump.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols?
1. Fixed Orifice.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols?
1. Fixed Orifice.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols?
1. Fixed Orifice.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols?
1. Fixed Orifice.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols?
1. Fixed Orifice.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7. Spring.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols?
1. Fixed Orifice.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7. Spring.
8. Line to reservoir.
(Line below oil level)
9.
10.
11.
12.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols?
1. Fixed Orifice.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7. Spring.
8. Line to reservoir.
(Line below oil level)
9. Check Valve.
10.
11.
12.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols?
1. Fixed Orifice.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7. Spring.
8. Line to reservoir.
(Line below oil level)
9. Check Valve.
10. Lines cross.
11.
12.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols?
1. Fixed Orifice.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7. Spring.
8. Line to reservoir.
(Line below oil level)
9. Check Valve.
10. Lines cross.
11. Relief Valve.
12.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols?
1. Fixed Orifice.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7. Spring.
8. Line to reservoir.
(Line below oil level)
9. Check Valve.
10. Lines cross.
11. Relief Valve.
12. Pick up Screen in
pressurised tank.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Circuit Diagram
1. Hydraulic reservoir.
Tank has a breather and is not
pressurised.
Pick up pipe is at the bottom
of the tank.
1
1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Circuit Diagram
1. Hydraulic reservoir.
2. Engine and Hydraulic Pump.
Arrow on drive shaft indicates
direction of rotation.
Single fixed displacement
pump.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Circuit Diagram
1. Hydraulic reservoir.
2. Engine and Hydraulic Pump.
3. Filter element with bypass
valve.
Bypass Valve opens when
filter is blocked or oil is too
cold.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Circuit Diagram
1. Hydraulic reservoir.
2. Engine and Hydraulic Pump.
3. Filter element with bypass
valve.
4. Pressure Regulating Valve.
When the oil pressure exceeds
the set value, the pressure
regulating valve will open up
returning oil to tank.
4
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Circuit Diagram
1. Hydraulic reservoir.
2. Engine and Hydraulic Pump.
3. Filter element with bypass
valve.
4. Pressure Regulating Valve.
5. Control Valve, hand actuated
5
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Circuit Diagram
1. Hydraulic reservoir.
2. Engine and Hydraulic Pump.
3. Filter element with bypass valve.
6
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Circuit Diagram
1. Hydraulic reservoir.
2. Engine and Hydraulic Pump.
3. Filter element with bypass valve.
4. Pressure Regulating Valve.
7
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Circuit Diagram
1. Hydraulic reservoir.
8
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Circuit Diagram
1. Hydraulic reservoir.
8
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Units of Pressure.
One Atmosphere represents the
average atmospheric pressure at
sea level on earth.
One Atmosphere is equal to:
1.01
bar
1.033 Kg/cm2
14.7 PSI
760
mm of Mercury
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Measuring Pressure
Absolute Gauge: measures the actual pressure of
the confined gas or liquid and includes the
atmospheric pressure.
Gauge Pressure: measures the actual pressure of
the confined gas or liquid only.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Reservoir
Hydraulic Pump
Hydraulic Fundamentals
SU
O
TI
C
PRESSURE
ACTUATOR
N
R
U
T
LOWER
RE
PUMP
AREA
HIGH
TU
R
O
AT
AREA
SY
ST
EM
C
A
PRESSURE
CONTROL
1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Hydraulic Reservoir
The Hydraulic Reservoir will
store sufficient hydraulic fluid
to ensure enough fluid is
available for the hydraulic
system.
The reservoir will allow
contaminates to settle on the
bottom and dissipate heat.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Gear Pump.
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Variable Displacement
Fixed Displacement
Vane Pumps
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Open
Closed
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Hydraulic Oil
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Hydraulic Oil
Properties of Hydraulic Fluids
Anti Wear-Additives
Hydraulic oil contains a selected number of additives to increase and
insure anti-wear capabilities.
Anti-Foaming
A liquid can not be compressed but air can, these anti-foaming additives
help the oil absorb the air so as not to effect the operation
Water Separation
Water vapour enters the system through the
reservoir. Oil moving around the system mixes with
the water and becomes whats known as an
emulsion.
This emulsion promotes rust, acids and forms
sludge. Additives are added to separate the water
from the oil.
1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Hydraulic Oil
Viscosity
Viscosity is a measurement of a fluid resistance
to flow, in other words the thickness of the oil.
Viscosity is important because if the oil is too
thin (Low Viscosity) it may leak past seals, joints
or pumps internal slippage. This will effect the
work equipment performance.
If the oil is too thick (High Viscosity) the work equipment will be sluggish and
require more power to push the oil around the system.
Viscosity Improver
Additives that help maintain the oils viscosity over a wider range of
temperatures
Hydraulic Fundamentals
END OF
Hydraulic Principals and
Major Components
Hydraulic Fundamentals