Topics of Presentation

Overview of Turbine

Concept of Governing System

Functioning of EHC Circuits

Turbine Start Up Procedure

TSI & TSC System

Turbine Protection System

Turbine Block Diagram

Turbine
Extractions

Ext.
No

Source Of Extraction

Destination Equipments

13th stage of HPT

HPH-8

CRH

HPH-7

3rd stage of IPT

HPH-6 *

3rd stage of IPT

TDBFP

6th stage of IPT

DEAERATOR

8th stage of IPT

LPH-4

11th stage of IPT

LPH-3

2nd stage of LPT

LPH-2

4th stage of LPT

LPH-1

Turbine Components

Turbine: HPT, IPT, LPT1 and LPT2

Turbine Bearings: 08
Generator / Exciter Bearings: 04
Turbine Stop Valves: 04 (HPSV-1&2, IPSV-1&2)
Turbine Control Valves: 08 (4 HPCV & 4 IPCV)
CRH Check Valves: 02 ( With Bypass lines for warm up)
Motor driven Shut Off valve in non-stabilized oil line to
Check Valve
Motor driven warm up Shut Off valves for HPCV-3 & 4
Governing Box

Overview of Governing
Box

Governing Box Components

Motor operated Control Gear to generate resetting /

protection oil & control oil for S.V./ Summators

Two Manual trip devices

Two Over Speed Governor Slide valves (110 % & 111 %)

Two Remote Trip Solenoids

Slide Valve for ATT with two solenoids

Governing System

Combination of throttle & nozzle governing

IP Turbine has throttle governing all four control

valves open simultaneously

HP Turbine has nozzle governing all four control

valves open in preset sequence

Resetting of Turbine is done by Control Gear operation

Operation of Stop & Control Valves and CRH Check

Valves are done by spring type hydraulic servomotors

Servomotors are closed by spring action during loss of

oil pressure

Governing System

HPT control valves open only after achieving preset load

(12% of 660 MW)
Opening time of control valve is 1.5 sec
Closing time of Stop valve in case of operation of
protection is 0.3 sec
Turbine maximum speed is restricted to 108% in case of
generator disconnected from grid
Over speed protection system stops steam supply in
HPC in < 0.5s
Speed Controller Droop is adjustable from 2.5% to 8%
(with dead band of 0.04%)

Resetting of
Turbine

Resetting of
Turbine

Stabilized oil pressure of 50 Ksc is supplied to Control

Gear

The control gear (AE001) is moved from closed position

(0 degree) to open position (90 deg)

Oil is first supplied to reset the over speed governor slide

valves

Subsequently Protection Oil is generated and supplied to

protection devices

Finally, Control Oil for Stop Valves servomotors &

Control Oil for EHC-summators are generated

Operation of Stop
Valve

Operation of Stop & Control

Control Oil pressure in Valves
S.V. servomotor moves up slide valve,
providing Header Pressure Oil under the piston for S.V. opening

Header Pressure Oil is supplied to C.V. valve servomotors via

locking pilot valve & traction/bush arrangements. Opening of C.V.
is governed by Control Oil from EHC-Summator

During loss of Header Pressure Oil, the servomotors are closed by

spring action

During loss of Control Oil pressure, Bush & Traction of Pilot valve
travels up shutting off head pressure oil supply to C.V.
servomotors, resulting control valve closing

During S.V. ATT, bush & Traction do not travel up due to slide valve
downward movement by ATT motor

Components of EHC
EHC comprises of following controllers:
1. Speed Controller
2. Pressure Controller
3. Load Controller
4. Position Controller

Selection of Controls

EHC can be kept in Manual / Auto Mode as per

operators choice
Manual mode can be selected only when Generator is
connected to grid

In Manual Mode, operator can directly open / close the

control valves

Controllers can be selected in auto mode through P.B

provided on operators console or through interlocks

Controller output in auto mode depends on set point and

actual value

Speed Control Circuit

R
L

Speed
Set Point

Logic-1
Speed Set
Point = 0

+
Rate Logic

Speed
Controller

O/P

Logic - 2
Actual Speed
(Mv3)

Logic 1: Turbine protection operated / 2v4 stop valves closed / 2v3 speed

measuring channels faulty / Deviation between actual speed and set point
during run-up exceeded allowable value*
Logic 2: Speed gradient is controlled by minimum of TSE margin &
gradient from selected Start up curve, given by the Turbine Manufacturer
Contd.

Rolling Speed Gradient Curve

Speed gradients as per Manufacturers start up curve are as follows:
Rolling
Condition

Cold Startup
( > 72 H )

Between 36H 72H

Between 8H 36H
Between 2H 8H

Target Speed

Preset Time

Min. Halt Time

3 - 500 rpm

150 sec

300 sec

1200 rpm*

550 sec

300 sec

3000 rpm

630 sec

--------

3 - 500 rpm

75 sec

120 sec

3000 rpm

240 sec

--------

3 - 3000 rpm

360 sec

--------

3 - 3000 rpm

300 sec

--------

Speed Control Circuit

Speed Controller will be switched on automatically in

case generator breaker opens (with Turbine controller
on auto) or Turbine trips

Turbine speed measurement is be done by using 3

sensors (eddy current type)

The mean* of the three sensors is taken as actual

speed

Incase of one sensor fault, maximum of rest two

sensors will come in service

Incase of two sensor fault, Turbine trip signal is

generated to trip the turbine

Speed Control Circuit

Speed Ref Tracking:

After Synchronization, with other controller in service,
the speed controller tracks the actual speed between
49HZ to 51HZ (adjustable)

Islanding Mode:
If actual speed exceeds speed reference by a preset
limit under Generator Breaker in closed condition,
Islanding mode occurs Transferring Turbine to Speed
Control mode

Load Control
Circuit
Control On: Load Controller will

Load
be switched on
automatically if Turbine controller is kept on auto and
connected to the grid under Turbine Latched condition.

Load Control Off: Load controller will be switched off

under following conditions:
1. Manual control mode is switched on
2. The Generator has disconnected from the grid
3. The grid frequency has gone beyond allowable limits
4. Load Measurement faulty (2/3 sensors faulty)
5. M.S. Pres. measurement faulty (2V3 sensors faulty)
6. Unit is in Pressure Control mode

Load Control
Circuit

R
L

STOP

Correction
C.K.T

Delay Element

Load Ref

Fast
Tracking

Freq. Corr
2
1

Max.Load Lim. Min.Load Lim.

O/P

Actual Load

Press. Corr
6

Logic - 4

Logic-1: CMC ON, when load ref. will come from CMC circuit, where TSC
Margin calculation controls the gradient
Logic-2: The Load reference tracks actual load for bump less transfer
once it is connected to the grid.
Contd

Load Control Circuit

Logic-3: Load Reference will be

stopped

under

the

following

Conditions:
1. TSC Margin is less than permissible value*
2. The difference between the actual and reference value is
not in allowable range
Logic-4: Maximum and minimum load set points, set by the Operator
Logic-5: External Frequency Influence ON - actual frequency will be
tracked at a predefined delayed rate, with an adjustable droop to
help in loading and unloading of the machine within a band of
frequency
Contd

Load Control
Circuit

Logic 6: The Pressure correction is divided into two Parts:

1. Before the HPC On is generated, the pressure
correction will be calculated with R.H. pressure
2.After HPC On is generated, the pressure correction
will be calculated with M.S pressure

HPC On: The point at which the HP Control Valves starts Opening
(12% of full load)

Load Measurement: Three Transducers with mean* value selection

Incase of one of the transducer failed, maximum of rest two.will be
selected

Pressure Control
Circuit

Pressure Control is switched ON by the operator or

automatically through Turbine Control on auto when HPC
is in operation

Pressure Controller is automatically deactivated under the

following conditions:
1. GCB Open
2. The frequency is more than allowable value*
3. M.S. pressure transducers failed (2V3)
4. Manual Control switched on
5. Load control is On
6. HPC is out of operation

Pressure Control
Actual Pr. Value
M. S. Pr. Set Point

+
Adder Block
-

PI
Controller

MIN

Minimum Pr.
Controller

MAX

O/P

Control Stage Max

Pr. Controller

M.S. pressure set point is dictated by Boiler Master

Limitation of pressure drop to impermissible value is ensured by
minimum pressure controller
Limitation of pressure rise to impermissible value is ensured by a
protective control stage maximum steam pressure controller, which
comes into operation through maximum value selector

Position Control
Circuit
+

O/P- (0-150mA)

Control Signal From TC

Posn. F/B - 1
Posn. F/B - 2 MV2

PI

Limiter

MIN

TO I/H
CONVERTOR

Biasing Current 0.8 to 1A

A PI controller is used to generate the signal to the current amplifiers

through Limiter
Command to HP control valves extends under HPC ON condition
Loss of current signal to I/H Converter results in closing of the C.V.

Operation of I/H
Converter

Operation of I/H
Converter

I/H Converters control the opening and closing of the

corresponding control valves
Individual I/H converters get command from Turbine
controller
50 Ksc Header Pressure Oil holds the piston (2) up
against spring action
As the slide valve (1) moves as per I/H converter, 35 Ksc
control oil output is regulated for C.V. servomotor
operation
When 50 KSC Governing oil pressure collapses, piston
(2) travels down due to spring action thus draining the
oil line of C.V. servomotor

Control Valve Opening Curve

Turbine Start Up Sequence

Start Turbine rolling with Speed Control on from barring

speed to 500 rpm
After achieving desired criteria, raise speed set point to 1200
rpm* and subsequently to 3000 rpm
After synchronization Load Controller gets switched On
raise load > 80MW when HPC ON signal is generated
Turbine Pressure Control will be automatically switched On
After HPCV demand crosses 80%, switch ON Position
controller to hold 80% as the o/p to control valves for raising
pressure to rated value
Switch ON Pres. Controller to raise load to rated value
Switch ON Load Control after load reaches the rated value

START UP CURVES OF TURBINE AFTER SHUTDOWN OF THE UNIT

Start Up Curves Nomenclature

To S.H Live steam temperature.

Trh R.H steam temperature
Po S.H outlet steam pressure
Prh R.H. steam pressure
Go Electrical Load of TG
Ne Live steam flow from boiler
N Turbine rotor speed
A Steam Admission
B Synchronization
C HPC switch on
D HPCV open with 20% Throttle reserve & Loading with
constant HPCV position & HP heaters charged
E HPCV no-3 opening. Throttle pressure reduced
F Full Load

START UP CURVES OF TURBINE AFTER SHUTDOWN OF THE UNIT

START UP CURVES OF TURBINE AFTER SHUTDOWN OF THE UNIT

Turbovisory Instruments

Turbo Generator consists of 12 bearings 8 for Turbine

& 2 for Generator & 2 for Exciter

For Bearing no. 1-10, abs. brg. vibration is measured in

3 components (Horizontal, Vertical & Horizontal axial)

For Bearing no. 11 & 12, abs. brg. vibration is measured

in 2 components (Horizontal & Vertical)

Absolute shell vibration is measured for all the bearings

in 2 components (Horizontal & Vertical)

Turbovisory Instruments

Rotor Relative Vibration is measured in all the bearings in

2 components

Absolute Rotor Vibration is derived from Absolute Bearing

Shell Vibration and Rotor Relative Vibration for all the
bearings

Axial Shift measurement is done in Bearing no. 3

Eccentricity measurement is done in Bearing no. 1

Turbine Speed sensors and Key phasor are Installed in

Bearing no. 1

Turbovisory Instruments
Brg. No.

Abs. Brg. Vib.

3 Comp

2 cmp

Abs.Shel
Vib.
(2Comp)

Rel.Rotor
Vib.
(2 Comp)

Ang. Dis.
Brg.
Shell
(2 Comp)

10

11

12

Casing
Exp.

Rotor
Exp.

Y (HPC)

Y (IPC)

Y (LPC-1)

Y (LPC-2)

TSC System

The Stress Margin of the Turbine is

calculated by measuring the temperatures of
following components:
1. HPC Rotor and Outer Casing
2. IPC Rotor and Outer Casing
3. 2 HP Stop Valves
4. 2 IP Stop Valves
5. 4 HP Control Valves
6. 4 IP Control Valves

Turbine Protection System

Turbine protection system consists of Two
Independent
channels,
each
operating
the
corresponding solenoid (220V DC) to trip the Turbine
in case of actuation of remote protection
Hydraulic Protection: Apart from the Electrical Trip,
Turbine is equipped with the following Hydraulic
Protections:
1. Local Manual Trip (1V2)
2. Over speed Trip #1 at 110% of rated speed
3. Over speed Trip #2 at 111% of rated speed
4. Governing oil pressure < 20 Ksc
Contd..

Turbine Protection
System

Contd

Turbine Protection System

Axial shift Very High (2V3) [-1.7mm, +1.2mm]

Turbine bearing vibration : Very High (2V10 including X &

Y directions)* >11.2mm/sec (Td=2 sec)

Lube oil tank level very Low (2V3)* Td=3sec (Arming with
two stop valves open)

Lub oil pressure Very Low (2V3) < 0.3 Ksc; Td =3 sec
(Arming with two stop valves open)

Condenser pressure Very High (2V3) > - 0.7ksc

(Arming with condenser press < 0.15 ksc Abs)
Contd..

Turbine Protection System

M.S. temp Very Low (2V3) < 470 deg C (arming > 512
deg C)*

M.S. temp Very High (2V3) > 565 deg C*

HRH temp Very Low (2V3) < 500deg C (arming > 535
deg C)*

HRH temp Very High (2V3) > 593deg C*

HPT outlet temperature Very High (2V4) > 420 deg C

Contd

Turbine Protection System

Gen seal oil level of any seal oil tank Very Low (2V3)* <
0 mm;Td=15 sec (Arming with any two stop valves
open)

All Generator seal oil pumps OFF (3V3)* Td: 9 sec

(Arming with any two stop valves open)

Generator Stator winding flow Very Low (2v3) < 17.3

m3/hr; Td =120 sec (Arming with any two stop valves
open)

Generator hot gas coolers flow Very LOW (2V3)* :

<180m3/hr; Td=300sec(Arming with any two stop
valves open)

Generator cooler hot gas temp. Very High(2V4) > 85

deg (Td = 300sec
Contd

Turbine Protection System

MFT operated: (2V3)

Deareator level Very High (2V3) > 3400 mm*

HP heater level protection operated (2V3)*

Generator Electrical protection operated (2V3)

Turbine over speed protection operated (114%)

Turbine Controller failure protection operated (2V3)

Contd