Water supply, water quality and treatment

Water quality

The chemical, physical, biological,

radiological characteristics of water.

and

It is a measure of the condition of water relative

to the requirements of one or more biotic species
and or to any human need or purpose.
All public water supplies are under Environment
Protection Agency (EPA).

Treatment of water supplies

1. Treatment to remove turbidity
Ferric sulfate
Ferrous sulfate
Alum
Sodium aluminate

2. Softening hard water

. Lime:

. Ion exchange: Ca and Mg ion by Na

. Deionization
. Cl, Pb, B and suspended materials by activated carbon
filter.
3. Demineralizing
4. Filtering

Source and nature of pollutant in food industry

Source:

Key resources: water, raw materials and energy

Broadly two sources:
1. Liquid (wastewater)
Dissolved organic waste
Dissolved inorganic waste
Suspended organic waste
Suspended inorganic waste

2. Solid

Organic waste
Inorganic waste

Measurement of organic Content of

Wastewater
Laboratory methods:
Dissolved Oxygen (DO value)
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Total organic compounds (TOC)
Total oxygen demand (TOD)
Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD)

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):
Widely used organic pollution
Measurement of the dissolved oxygen used by
MOs in the biochemical oxidation of organic
matter
It is usually performed over a 5-day period at
20 Celsius denoted 5-day BOD or BOD5

BOD

BOD is a slow process & infinite time

Within 20-days, 95 to 99% completed
Within 5-days, 60-70 % completed
The kinetics of BOD reaction rate are 1st
order kinetics

BOD Model

Determination of COD value of wastewater

COD:
A measure of the oxygen requirement of
organic matter in water or measurement of
the chemically oxidizable material in water. It
is used an indicator of dissolved organic
carbon, often conjugated with BOD.
Total organic carbon = BOD+COD

Waste treatment technologies

Processes for waste treatment:
Physical waste treatment process
Chemical waste treatment process
Biological waste treatment process

Unit operations and processes are grouped into three:

Primary:
physical unit operation
Remove solid materials
Secondary:
Chemical and biological unit processe
Dissolved and colloidal materials are converted to biomass
Tertiary:
Combinations of all three

Application of physical unit operations in wastewater

treatment
Operation

Application

Screening

Removal of coarse and settleable solids by interception

Comminution

Grinding of coarse solids to a more or less uniform size

Mixing

Mixing of chemicals and gases with wastewater, and

maintaining solids in suspension

Flocculation

Promotes the aggregation of small particles into larger

particles to enhance their removal by gravity
sedimentation

Sedimentation

Removal of settleable solids and thickening of sludges

Flotation

Removal of finely divided suspended solids of particles

Filtration

Removal of fine solids remaining after other treatment

Microscreening

Same as filtration. Also removal of algae

Chemical Unit Operation

Chemical precipitation
Gas transfer
Adsorption
Disinfection
By chlorine
Ozone
Dechlorination
Others
Biological
Aerobic processes
Anoxic processes
Anaerobic processes, and
Combination of the aerobic/anoxic or anaerobic processes

Activated Sludge

Figure: Activated Sludge System

Waste Water Treatment

Trickling Filters

Figure: Trickling Filters