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Culture Documents
PRESENTED BY :
SARA FRIMAULIA
SYLVIA F BANGUN
SYLLABLE
S
PHONEM
E
A Minimal constractive
unit of sound .
/m/, //, /n/
MAN - /Mn/
Examples:
Rat - /Rt/
Cat - /Ct/
Cheap
/Tip/
Pause
/Pz/
School
/Skul/
DYSYLLABLES
TRISYLLABLE
Examples:
REDEEM - /rI-di:m/
Wo-men /stjupd/
pro-file - /profal/
mea-sure/mer/
Examples:
Hu-ma-nist - /hju-mnst/
E-ner-gy -/ e-nr-di/
Visitor -/ v-z-tr/
Exercise/ek-sr-saz/
Component o f
Syllable
Syllable
ONSE
T
CONSONA
NT
RHYME
NUCLEU
S
CODA
Component o f
Syllable with
example
Syllable
BAT
/bt/
ONSE
T
/b/
CONSONA
NT
/b/
RHYME
/t/
NUCLEU
S
//
CODA
/t/
Parts
Description
Optionali
ty
-
Optional
Onset
Initial segment of a
syllable
N
o
1
2
Onset
Coda
/p/
/pr/
Pie /pai/
Pray /prei/
/p/
/pt/
3
4
5
6
7
/pl/
/l/
/cr/
/fl/
/tr/
Play /plei/
liquids /likwid/
Crash /kr
Flash /fl
Tray/trei/
/ps/
/plz/
/lpt/
/ks/
/ndz/
Stop /stop/
Stopped
/stopt/
Stops /stops/
Nipples /niplz/
Helped /helpt/
Banks /bks/
Bonds /bndz/
/br/
Bran /brn
/lf/
9
1
0
/dr/
/gr/
Drain /drein/
Grain /grein/
/fs/
/kst/
Twelfth/twelf
/
Fifths /fifs/
Next /nekst/
Consonant Cluster
OPE
N
CLOS
ED
if a syllable ends
with a vowel
(i.e.CV, CVV)
if it ends with a
consonant or a
consonant cluster
(i.e. CVC, VCC
STRUCTURE
EXAMPLES
/ai/
VC
ALL
/l/
CVC
GIRL
CCCV
STRAW
/str/
CCCVCC
SPRAINED
/spren/
CVCCCC
TEMPTS
/tempt/
/l/
Exercises
Answer
1.
dan.ger
Onset
Maximalism
might suggest da.nger, but
there are no *[nd] initial clusters
in English.
un.sta.ble [st] is a permissible
initial cluster; *[nst] is not, so
the syllable division must be
between [n] and [s]. However,
note that [s] is higher in sonority
than [t], so there is a violation of
the
Sonority
Sequencing
Generalisation. In the third
syllable, [l] is the nucleus (or for
Exercises
Answer
Exercises
3. Make a list of all the two consonant
clusters which are ruled out by the
Sonority Sequencing Generalisation in
(a) onset and (b) coda position. For each
one, try to think of an apparent
exception in word medial position, where
in fact the first consonant of the
apparent cluster belongs in the coda of
syllable one, and the second in the onset
of syllable two. For example, sonority
rules out final [kn]; an apparent (but not
real) exception would be acknowledge.
Answer
2. In this exercise, try to avoid making
random lists of consonant clusters you
can think of, and concentrate on
narrowing down the possibilities using
natural classes. For instance, in onset
position, sonority rules out cases of
liquids plus voiceless stops, so although
[pl], [pr] are allowed, there are no initial
clusters *[lp], *[rp], *[lt], *[rt], *[lk],
*[rk]. Apparent medial exceptions would
be wallpaper, warpaint, alter, porter,
alcohol, arcadia. If the order voiceless
stop plus liquid is permissible in onsets,
it follows that this order must be ruled
out in codas and indeed, in English we
Exercises
4. Make a list of at least five consonant
clusters which are ruled out either by the
Sonority Sequencing Generalisation, or
by the phonotactic rules of English, but
for which you can find actual exceptions
which do contain these clusters. These
may be recent loan words or foreign
names. For example, English does not
generally allow // in onset clusters, but a
number of borrowings from Yiddish,
Answer