PUMPS

Pumping action : Cause increase in the elevation,

velocity and pressure of liquid

Main purpose to provide energy to move liquids from

one place to another.

Common application is to increase the pressure of

liquid.

THEORECTICAL POWER
REQUIREMENT
F is molar flow rate
V is molar volume
P is pressure
Due to smaller liquid molar volume, pump
requires less power than compressor for the same
molar flow rate and increase in P
Normally the outlet T of liquid increase only
slightly ( Based on Heuristic 43)

PUMP TYPE : CENTRIFUGAL, JET

AND ROTARY PUMP

PUMP CHARACTERISTICS

Capacity
(Q) in gpm or ft3/hr
Pump head (H) in ft or m

For
d

negligible V and Z and constant ,

and s refer to discharge and suction

PUMP CHARACTERISTICS

1.
2.

For liquid water,

Head of 3000ft correspond to P of 1300 psi
Head of 20000ft correspond to P pf 8680 psi

HEURISTIC 37
For heads up to 3200 ft and flow rates in the
range 10-5000gpm, use centrifugal pump
For high heads up to 20000ft and flow rate up to
500gpm, use reciprocating pump
Less common are axial pumps for heads up to 40
ft for flow rates in the range of 20-100000gpm
and rotary pumps for heads up to 3000ft for flow
rate in the range 1-1500gpm

HEURISTIC 38
For

liquid flow, we need to include the

following when determining the required
pumping head :
1. A pipeline pressure drop of 2psi/100ft of
pipe
2. A control valve pressure drop of at least
10psi
3. A pressure drop of 4 psi per 10ft rise in
elevation.

HEURISTIC 39
Estimate the theoretical horsepower (THp) for
pumping liquid using :
THp = (gpm)(pressure increase, psi)/1714

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Widely

used (90%)
Impeller mounted on shaft and connected to a
motor
Operated at a particular rotational rate
N(normally 1750 or 3450 rpm)
The flow rate can be varied by adjusting the
opening of a valve on the pump discharge line.
Typical maximum head for a single stage is
500ft.
By using multiple stages, heads as high as
3200ft can be achieved.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP :
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
Manufacture will provide characteristic curve for
pumping water for each model
Correction has to be made for other fluid
A plot of P(brake horsepower) vs Q and Efficiency
vs Q are also provided.

CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

Normally

pump head (H) decreases as Q increases

Brake horsepower (P) increases with Q increases
The pump will operate at points on the
characteristic curves
Ideally the operating point should be at the point
of maximum efficiency
For a particular pumping task, the required headvolumetric flow rate point must lie below the H-Q
curve
The control valve will be used to adjust the pump
head to the required head.

CHARACTERISTIC CURVE : EFFECT

OF N(RPM) ON H-Q CURVE

AFFINITY LAWS : APPROXIMATE A

H-Q CURVE AT DIFFERENT N

Q2=Q1(N2/N1)
H2=H1(N2/N1)2

CHARACTERISTIC CURVE : EFFECT OF

IMPELLER DIAMETER (D) ON H-Q CURVE

AFFINITY LAWS : APPROXIMATE A

H-Q CURVE AT DIFFERENT N

Q2=Q1(D2/D1)
H2=H1(D2/D1)2

CHARACTERISTIC CURVE :
VISCOSITY

CAVITATION
Occur within the pump when the pressure fall
below the vapor pressure of the liquid.
Vaporization will produce bubbles and may
collapse violently against surfaces at high
pressure region, causing erosion and damage to
the impeller.
Low the frequency and flow rate
Do not use when liquids are closed to bubble
point

NET POSITIVE-SUCTION HEAD

(NPSH)
The tendency for cavitation is measured based on
a quantity called required NPSH
It is specified by manufacturer for each pump and
expressed as a head(ft)
Available NPSH should be larger than required
NPSH in order to avoid cavitation
Available NPSH is calculated as follow,

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP

Essentially metering pump
Deliver Q independent of the required pump head
The pump head is limited by the Hp of the driver
Flow rate change is by a bypass or with a speed
changer on the motor
Higher efficient than centrifugal pump due to
less friction
Cavitation is not usually a concern

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP :

RECIPROCATING PUMPS
Three types : Piston Pump, Plunger Pump,
Diaphragm Pump
Pumping action causes pulsations leading to flow
and pressure fluctuation
Suitable for hazardous and toxic solid due to
absence of seals for the flexible diaphragm pump.

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP :

ROTARY PUMPS
Two types : gear pumps and screw pumps
Design with tight tolerances to avoid binding and
excessive wear
Best suited for liquid with high viscosity
Flow rates are more steady than reciprocating
pump but less than centrifugal pump.

COMPRESSORS AND
EXPANDERS

Gas compressor (including fans and blowers) are

designed to increase the velocity and/or pressure of
gases rather than liquids.

Most compressor systems are designed to prevent liquid

from entering the compressor and to avoid condensation
in the compressor.

A fan mainly increases the kinetic energy of the gas with

a discharge of no more than 110% of a suction
pressure.

A blower increases the pressure head more than the

velocity head, with compression ratio of not more than 2.

A compressor increases the velocity head very little, with

a compression ratio of greater than 2

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS

Centrifugal fans, blowers, and compressors are widely used in chemical

processes because they are produce a continuous flow, are relatively small
and are free of vibration.

Because gases are compressible, the temperature difference between the

compressed gas and feed gas is significant at even moderate compression
ratios and may limit the compression ratio possible in a single stage.

However, the need for multiple stages in centrifugal compressors is usually

dictated instead by impeller rotation-rate limitations, which limit the
compression ratio that can be achieved.

POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS

Positive displacement fans, blowers, and compressors are similar in

action to positive-displacement pumps and include reciprocating
compressors, two-or three-lobe blowers, and screw compressors.

However, with gases, the almost vertical characteristic curves bend

to the left more than for liquids because of the greeter tendency for
slip.

Lobed blower

EXPANDERS
Expanders also known as turboexpanders and expansion turbine

Often used in place of valve to recover power from a gas when its
pressure must be decreased.

At the same time, the temperature of the gas is reduced, and often
the chilling of the gas is more important than the power recovery.

Most common is the radial-flow turbine as shown in figure below.

COMPRESSOR AND EXPANDER MODELS IN

SIMULATORS

Two methods can be used to take efficiency when calculating power

requirements for compressors, whether they are centrifugal,
reciprocating or screw:
Polytropic method
PV =constant during compression

Isentropic method
s{T1, P1} = s{ T2,isentropic, P2}
s : molar entropy
T1, T2: temperature at inlet 1 and outlet 2
P1, P2: pressure at inlet 1 and outlet 2

isentropic = F (h2, isentropic h1)

F: molar gas flow

isentropic : isentropic power

= =
s = =