LIST OF DEVICE NUMBER

2 TIME DELAY STARTING OR CLOSING RELAY.

3 CHECKING OR INTERLOCKING RELAY.
21 DISTANCE RELAY.
25 SYNCHRONIZING OR SYNCHRONISM CHECK
RELAY.
27 UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY.
30 ANNUCIATOR RELAY.
32 DIRECTIONAL POWER RELAY.
37 UNDERCURRENT OR UNDERPOWER RELAY.

40 FIELD FAILURE RELAY.

46 REVERSE PHASE OR PHASE BALANCE CURRENT RELAY.
49 MACHINE OR TRANSFORMER THERMAL RELAY.
50 INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT OR RATE OF RISE RELAY.
51 AC TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY.
52 AC CIRCUIT BREAKER.
52A CIRCUIT BREAKER UXILLIARY SWITCH NORMALLY OPEN.
52B CIRCUIT BREAKER AUXILLIARY SWITCH NORMALLY CLOSED.
55 POWER FACTOR RELAY.
56 FIELD APPLICATION RELAY.
59 OVERVOLTAGE RELAY.
60 VOLTAGE OR CURRENT BALANCE RELAY

64 EARTH FAULT PROTECTIVE RELAY.

67 AC DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT RELAY.
68 BLOCKING RELAY.
74 ALARM RELAY.
76 DC OVERCURRENT RELAY.
78 PHASE ANGLE MEASURING OR OUT OF STEP
PROTECTIVE RELAY.
79 AC RECLOSING RELAY.
81 FREQUENCY RELAY.
83 AUTOMATIC SELECTIVE CONTROL OR TRANSFER RELAY.
85 CARRIER OR PILOT WIRE RECEIVE RELAY.
86 LOCKING OUT RELAY.
87 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTIVE RELAY.

LEGENDS
51N
63
63X
79
86
87B

RESIDUAL GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY 0.5 2.5 A.

SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY.
AUXILLIARY RELAY FOR SUDDEN PRESSURE.
RECLOSING RELAY, 3 SHOT DC OPERATED TIMER.
TRIPPING & LOCKOUT RELAY.
BUS DIFFERENTIAL RELAY, HIGH SPEED, HIGH
INPEDANCE VOLTAGE UNIT
WITH LOW INPEDANCE INSTANTANEOUS
OVERCURRENT UNIT.
87T TRANSFORMER BANK DIFFERENTIAL RELAY,
PERCENTAGE, 2 RESTRAINTS.

LEGENDS
87G RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY.
94
AUXILLIARY TRIPPING RELAY.
A
AMMETER
KWH BILLING KILOWATT HOUR METER W/ DEMAND INDICATOR.
VAR VARMETER
V
VOLTMETER
W
WATTMETER
AS AMMETER SWITCH
VS VOLTMETER SWITCH
67
DUAL POLARIZED, TIME & INSTANTANEOUS GROUND DIRECTIONAL
GT
OVERCURRENT RELAY.
12
ZONE PACKAGE, MHO CHARACTERISTICS, COMPENSATOR DISTANCE
RELAY
Z-1
(ZONE 1).
21
ZONE PACKAGED, MHO CHARACTERISTICS WITH OFFSET OPTION,
Z-2
COMPENSATOR DISTANCE RELAY (ZONE 2).

LEGENDS
21
Z-3

- ZONE PACKAGED, MHO CHARACTERISTICS WITH

OFFSET OPTION, COMPENSATOR DISTANCE RELAY
(ZONE 3).
50H HIGH SET NONDIRECTIONAL INSTANTANEOUS
OVERCURRENT RELAY.
2
TOW ZONE TIMING AUXILLIARY RELAY (ATARTING
OR CLOSING).
27
UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY, 115 VOLTS.
27X UNDERVOLTAGE TIMING RELAY FOR TRANSFER
SCHEME.
50
INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT RELAYS.
50-51 PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY WITH INSTATANEOUS
UNIT 1.0 12 A (6 -14 A ITT).
51G TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL GROUND OVERCURRENT
RELAY 0.5 2.5 A.

PRINCIPLES OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYING

01/09/16

Part 1:

Power System Protection

01/09/16

Electric Power System

Electricity is generated at a power plant (1), voltage is stepped-up for

transmission (2). energy travels along a transmission line to the area
where the power is needed (3). voltage is decreased or stepped-down,
at another substation (4), and a distribution power line (5) carries that
electricity until it reaches a home or business (6).

Power System

Delivery
Substation

Delivery
Substation

Backbone
Looped Lines
C

Distribution
Radial Lines

Power System Protection

INCOMING
115kV LINE 2

INCOMING
115kV LINE 1

LEGEND:
Initial
Ultimate

Bus No. 1

115KV Switchyard

Bus No. 2
Bank #3

Bank #2

Bank #1
83 MVA PXF
with OLTC

34.5kV switchgear

34.5KV Switchyard

F1

F2

F3

F4

No. 1

7.2 MVAR
Capacitor Bank

Bus tie

F1

F2

F3

F4

7.2 MVAR
Capacitor Bank

Bus tie

F1

F2

TYPICAL DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

Single Line Diagram

F3

F4

7.2 MVAR
Capacitor Bank

What is Power System

Protection?
also known as Protective Relaying
branch of Electric Power
Engineering
Science, Art and Skill in applying
and setting protective relays &
devices.

What is a protective relay?

Protective relays are devices which
monitor power system conditions and
operate to quickly and accurately
isolate faults or dangerous conditions.
A well designed protective system
can limit damage to equipment, as
well as minimize the extent of
associated service interruption.

Purpose of System Protection

To prevent injury to personnel
To minimize damage to system
components
To limit the extent and duration of
service interruption

Components of Power System

Protection
Relays
Circuit Breakers
Transducers
Tripping and Auxiliary Supplies

Components of Power System Protection

Decides whether system
quantities are normal or
abnormal (Brain of the
System Protection)

Power
System

Transducers
(PT & CT)

These devices change

electrical quantities to
level relays can use, i.e.,
5 amperes, 115 volts

Relay

Circuit
Breaker

* If quantities are normal,

no signal is sent to breaker
* If quantities are abnormal,
signal is sent to breaker to
trip

Components of Power System Protection

Sensor (Instrument
Transformers)

Feedback
Signals

Relay
Power Circuit Breaker

Components of Power System

Protection
CB

CT

Transmission
Line
Trip Coil

Station
Battery
Relay Contacts

Abnormalities in Power
Systems
Overcurrent (overload, short circuit, open
circuit)
Ground Potential (ungrounded equipment,
touch potentials, step potentials)
Surge Voltages (lightning strokes, switching
surges, harmonics)

Frequency of Types of
Faults
Type of
Fault

%
Occurrence

SLG
LL
DLG
3L

85
8
5
2 or less

Frequency of Fault Occurrence

Equipment
Overhead lines
Cables
Switchgear
Transformers
CTs and PTs
Control Equipment
Miscellaneous

% of Total
50
10
15
12
2
3
8

Factors Which Influence Design

of a Protective System
Reliability
Dependability
Security
Sensitivity
Selectivity
Speed
Economics
Experience
Industry Standards

Factors Which Influence Design

of a Protective System
Reliability
The level of assurance that the relay will function as
intended.
Reliability denotes:
Dependability - certainty of correct operation
Security - assurance against incorrect operation

Factors Which Influence Design

of a Protective System
Sensitivity
Relaying equipment must be sufficiently sensitive so
that it will operate when required
Must discriminate normal from abnormal conditions.

Factors Which Influence Design

of a Protective System
Selectivity
Performance of protective devices to select between
those conditions for which prompt operation and
those for which no operation, or time delay operation
is required.
Isolate faulted circuit resulting in minimum
interruptions.
Implemented through Zone of Protection

Factors Which Influence Design

of a Protective System
Speed
Remove a fault from the power system as quickly as
possible
Classification:
Instantaneous - no intentional delay

High Speed - less than 3 cycles

Time-Delay - intentional time delay

Factors Which Influence Design

of a Protective System
Economics
Maximum protection at minimum cost
the cost of installation, operation, and maintenance of
the protection system which must be weighted
against potential losses due to equipment damage or
service interruption.

Factors Which Influence Design

of a Protective System
Experience
History and anticipation of the types of trouble likely to
be encountered:
Actual Relay Performance
Nature of Faults
Operation and Maintenance

Factors Which Influence Design

of a Protective System
Industry Standards
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and
other organization provides industry standards through ANSI
or IEC. These include specific standards for many applications.
ANSI-C37.90-1989
Relays and Relay System
Associated with Electric Power
Apparatus
IEEE STD 242-1975 Recommended Practice
for Protection and Coordination
of Industrial and Commercial
Power System

Part 2:

Principles of
Protective Relaying

01/09/16

Development of Protective
Relays
Electro-mechanical
relay
Solid-state relay
Digital relay

Electro-mechanical
Relay:
( 1st Generation )
The most commonly used
Uses the induction disc principle
(watthour meter)
Provides individual phase
protection

Electro-mechanical
Relay:
( 1st Generation )
Spring
Operator Rod

Time Adjustment:
Tension controlled
Contacts
Sensing Coil
Core

Disc

Electro-mechanical
Relay:
( 1st Generation )

Critical Components:

Composition of the rotating disc & Coil

determines the torque produced in the disc per unit current.
Rotating & Tripping mechanism
Lubrication & alignments.
Spring & tension adjusting mechanism
Fatigue & Temperature dependence.
Design Approach:
Periodic re-calibration & maintenance
Draw-out connections.
High burden CT, low sensitivity at higher currents.

Static Relay:
( 2nd
Generation )
Characteristic curve is obtained
through use of RC timing circuits
No moving parts
Used to retrofit electro-mechanical
relays
Fast reset
Less maintenance

Static Relay:
( 2nd
Generation )
Set Value

AC - DC
Conversion

Comparator

Current Sampling
From CTs

Timing
Circuit

Output

RC Based Timing

Static Relay:
( 2nd
Generation )

Critical Components:

RC Timing circuit.
Temperature dependence
Low repeatability

Time

Static Relay:
( 2nd
Generation )

Critical Components: (continued)

AC/DC Conversion.
Offset problem
Effects of harmonics & Noise

Design Approach:

Static Relay:
( 2nd
Generation )

Periodic re-calibration & maintenance

Draw-out connections.
RC & LC Based filters - Slow tripping actions

Without Filter

With RC Filter

Digital Relay:
( 3rd
Generation )
Computer-based-with CPU
Selectable characteristic curves
and protection functions
Metering and control functions
Event and/or disturbance
recording
Remote communication
Self-monitoring
All in

Digital Relay:
( MicroProcessor
Based )
Crystal

Micro-processor
CPU

Data & Address Bus

Memory

EPROM
Output Control

Control Relay Contacts

AC - DC
Conversion
A

Current Sampling

Digital Relay:
( MicroProcessor
Based )

Design Principle:
AC/ DC

Rectification
Analog to Digital Conversion

A to D

Digital Relay:
( MicroProcessor
Based )

Critical Components:

High Frequency Bus

Susceptible to EMI/ RFI.
AC/ DC & Digital Conversion
Effect of Offset/ Harmonics, etc.
CPU
RAM
EPROM
A/D

Hi-Freq Bus

Digital Relay:
( MicroProcessor
Based )

Critical Components:

High Frequency Bus

Susceptible to EMI/ RFI.
AC/ DC & Digital Conversion
Effect of Offset/ Harmonics, etc.

Noise
A to D

Digital Relay:
( MicroProcessor
Based )

Design Approach:

RC & LC Based filters

Slow tripping actions
Shielding & Watch-dog timers
Problem reduced not eliminated
May reset randomly
CPU
RAM
EPROM
Watch
DOG

A/D

Digital Relay:
( MicroController
Based )
Crystal
-controller

Output Control

Relay Contacts

Steady state data

AC - DC
Conversion
A

Current Sampling

Digital Relay:
( MicroController
Based )

Design Principle:

Lesser no. of components, hence less chance of failure.

All necessary peripherals in-built into the chip.
More functions can be built in a compact space.

Controller
RAM
EPROM
Decoding logic
A2D Converter
I/O Ports
Output driver

Controller
A2D Converter
Output driver

Digital Relay:
( MicroController
Based )

Design Principle:

Absence of exposed high frequency bus

All necessary peripherals in-built into the chip.
Cost effective technology appropriate for MV applications

CPU
RAM

EPROM

A/D

Digital Relay:
( Numerical Relay )

Crystal

-controller

Serial Port

To Outside world

Output Control

Relay Contacts

Steady state data

Direct AC
Sampling

Current Sampling

Digital Relay:
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle:
AC attenuation
Analog to Digital Conversion
Numeric filtering & measurement

A to D

Digital Relay:
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: (continued)
Digital Signal Processing concepts
Time Domain Representation
The normal representation i.e. with time in the X axis
The signal is sampled periodically, a different value obtained every
time, thus a series of numbers are needed to represent a signal.
Amplitude
Disadvantages
No Phase Angle information.
No Frequency information.

Time

Digital Relay:
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: (continued)
Digital Signal Processing concepts
Frequency Domain Representation
X Axis now represents frequency, instead of time.
Thus a pure sine-wave can be represented with only a single numeric.
Amplitude

50Hz

Frequency

Digital Relay:
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: (continued)
Digital Signal Processing concepts
Fourier Analysis
Any signal can be represented by infinite Nos. of Sine waves
Any Arbitrary Signal

=
+

Fundamental (50Hz).

2nd Harmonic (100 )

Digital Relay:
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: (continued)
Digital Signal Processing concepts
Fourier Analysis
X Axis now represents frequency, instead of time.
Thus a arbitrary signal can be represented with a set of numbers.
Amplitude

50Hz

100Hz

Frequency

Digital Relay:
( Numerical Relay )
Features:
Very quick operation.
In-built immunity to DC & harmonics (tuned
characteristics)
Possibility of providing additional filtering or
inhibiting actions without sacrificing speed of
response.
Possibility of disturbance recording & thus,
post-mortem analysis of fault & relay behavior.
Highly stable & repeatable performance.
Very less no. of components.

Digital Relay:
( Numerical Relay )
Additional Features:
Communication to external laptop/ computer.
Large number of functions that that can be
programmed in a single enclosure, instead of a
combination of multiple discreet relays.
Possibility of using non-conventional
transducers for input sensing. Eg. Hall effect
Current Transducers.
A Bay-level controller instead of just a
protection relay.

Comparisons of Different type of

Relays
Characteristic

Electro-

Static

mechanical

Micro-

Micro-

processor

Controller

based

based

Numerical

Speed of response

Slow

Fast

Fast

Fast

Very Fast

Timing Accuracy

Temp.

Temp.

Stable

Stable

Stable

Dependant

Dependant

Bulky

Small

Small

Small

Very Compact

Draw-out required

Required

Required

Not required

CT Burden

High

Low

Low

Low

Low

Reset Time

Very High

Less

Less

Less

Less

Functions

Single

Single

Multi

Multi

Multi

function

function

function

function

function

Maintenance

Frequent

Frequent

Low

Low

Very Low

Deterioration due to

Yes

No

No

No

No

High

Low

Low

High

High

No

No

Possible

Size

Not required

Not required

frequent operations
Reliability
SCADA Compatibility

Possible

Yes

Zones of Protection

Regions (zones) of power system that can be

protected adequately with fault recognition and
removal resulting in isolation of a minimum amount of
equipment.
Requirements: All power system elements must be
encompassed by at least one zone
Zones of protection must overlap to prevent any
system element from being unprotected (no blind
spots).

Zones of Protection
3

52
87B

50/51

52
87B
2

4
G

50/51
CT REQUIREMENTS FOR
OVERLAPPING ZONES

Zones of Protection

Overlapping zones of protection

Zones of Protection
3
5

1 - Bus Protection
2 - Generator Protection
3 - Subtrans Line Protection

4 - Feeder Protection
5 - Transformer Protection

2
G

Feeder Protection

Fault

Bus Protection

Fault

Transformer Protection

Fault

Subtransmission Line Protection

Fault

Generator Protection

Fault

Primary and Back-up

Protection
Primary Protection - Main protection system for
a given zone of protection
Back-up Protection - Alternate protection
system in case the primary protection fails

Back-up Protection

Local Back-up - Alternate protection at the

same substation when its main protection fails.
Remote Back-up - Alternate protection at the
remote substations in case the main protection
fails.

Local Back-up Protection

B1
B4

B7
L1

B2
B5

B8

B3
B6

B9

F1
L2

Fault F1
Main: B8,B9, L2 remote protection
Local Backup:
If B9 fails, trips B6 and B3
If B8 fails, trips B7 and sends signal to trip L1
remote protection

Remote Back-up Protection

B1

B2

B7

B8

F1
F3

F2
B5

B3

B4

Fault F1
Main: B5,B6
Backup: B1,B3,B8,B10
Fault F3
Main: B3,B4
Backup: B1,B6

B6
B9

B10

Fault F2
Main: B2,B4,B5
Backup: B1,B3,B6

Methods of Discrimination
Current Magnitude

100 A

60 A

20 A

0.35 sec

Inst.

Time

1.0 sec

Methods of Discrimination
Current Direction

Distance Measurement
Z = V/I

ohms

Methods of Discrimination
Time and Current
Magnitude
Time

Current

Methods of Discrimination
Time and Distance
Zone 3

Time
Zone 2
Zone 1

Distance

Methods of Discrimination
Current Balance

87T

Methods of Discrimination
Phase Comparison

Types Of Protective Relays

Overcurrent Relays - are operated

when the current passing to the
relay exceeds a preset value.
They are not directional in
nature.
Bus

51

Radial Line Protection

CT

A
B

52

51N
51
Phase
Relays

Ground
Relay

Types Of Protective Relays

Directional Overcurrent Relays - are
operated when the current passing
to it exceeds a preset value but
with the addition of another
condition and that is provided that
the direction of the fault is correct
A
1

B
2

I @ CB2

I @ CB3

Directional Overcurrent Relays

I @ CB4

I @ CB3

So for a fault just after CB4 a directional over-current

relay at CB3 will see the fault in reverse while at CB4
the fault is forward looking thus it will trip CB4 only to
isolate the fault

The scheme is now selective and a little secure

Types Of Protective Relays

I @ CB4

1
G1

I @ CB3

4
G2

Suppose G1 generation becomes stronger, the

directional overcurrent relay of CB2 might see the
fault. Therefore, the scheme is now not secure.

The use of distance relay is preferred.

Types Of Protective Relays

Distance Relays
Measures the impedance of the line it
being proportional to the distance of the
line from the substation hence the name
implies.
Widely used protection scheme for
Double-Ended Transmission Line from 69
kV up to as high as 500 kV by Transco &
MERALCO.

Types Of Protective Relays

Differential Protection
Differential Relay
A relay that by its design or application is intended to
respond to the difference between incoming and
outgoing electrical quantities associated with the
protected apparatus.

Input

Output

Transformer Protection

CT
PCB

50/51
86T

87T

POWER
TRANSFORME
R

PCB
CT

151G

TRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT

HS AND LS PCB

Busbar Protection

Typical Bus Arrangements:

Single bus
Double bus, double breaker
Breaker-and-a-half
Main and transfer buses with single breaker
Ring bus

Busbar Protection
Bus differential connection (single-bus)
87B
86B
TRIPS AND LOCKSOUT ALL BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO BUS

BUS

NOTE: All CTs connected to the bus

differential must have same ratios.

Differential Protection
Load or External Fault Case
Primary
Element

600/5

600/5
600A

CT

5A

5A

Relay

5A

0A

5A

CT

600A

Differential Protection
Internal Fault Case
Fault

Primary
Element
600/5

600/5
600A

CT

5A

5A

Relay

5A

CT

10
A

5A

600A

Part 3:

Relaying Philosophy

01/09/16

Power System

Delivery
Substation

Delivery
Substation
B

Looped Lines
(System Backbone)
C

Power Transformer
34.5kV Bus
Distribution
Radial Lines

Capacitor Bank

Standard Protection

Radial Lines
Looped Lines
Power Transformer
Bus Bar
Capacitor Bank

Radial Line Protection

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
OVERCURRENT RELAY

BUS
TARGET
INST.
TARGET
TIME

3
CT

52

50
51

43R

50N
51N

79

LEGEND:
CT

50 INSTANTANEOUS, PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY

51 TIME, PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY
50N INSTANTANEOUS, GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY
51N TIME, GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY
43R RECLOSER SWITCH
79 AUTO RECLOSER RELAY
52 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER
CT CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Radial Line Protection

A

Four (4) units of

single-phase
overcurrent
relays are needed to
protect a feeder

CT

52

Ia
Ib

Ic

Phase
Relays

In=Ia+Ib+Ic
Ground
Relay

Looped Line Protection

BUS

CT

CT

52

21

21G

67

67N

79

43R

METERING
BUS PROTECTION

85

LEGEND:
21 PHASE DISTANCE RELAY
21G GROUND DISTANCE RELAY
67 PHASE DIRECTIONAL OC RELAY
67N GROUND DIRECTIONAL OC RELAY
43R RECLOSER SWITCH
79 AUTO RECLOSER RELAY
85 TELEPROTECTION
52 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER
CT CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Looped Line Protection

Distance Relay
A relay that measures the impedance of the line
Principle of Operation
ZLINE
FAULT
IFAULT

VFAULT

IFAULT = VFAULT / ZLINE

X
ZLINE

Therefore: ZLINE = VFAULT / IFAULT

ZRELAY = ZLINE * CTR/PTR

01/09/16

Impedance Relay is non-directional

Looped Line Protection

Types of Distance Relay
Impedance - Used mainly as a fault detector in most of
micro-processor based relay.
Reactance - Needs the supervision of mho to obtain its
directionality.
Mho - Most widely used distance characteristic curve
due to its inherent directionality.
Quadrilateral - Made possible by combining reactance
type principle rotated along different axes.
Composite - Combined mho and quadrilateral
characteristic.
01/09/16

Looped Line Protection

Types of Distance Relay
X

Zone 2
X
Zone 1

REACTANCE

MHO

Looped Line Protection

Types of Distance Relay
X

R
R

QUAD

COMPOSITE

Looped Line Protection

Standard Protection
Mho Distance Relay, 21 for phase-phase or 3-phase
faults
Quad Distance Relay, 21G for line-to-ground faults to
cover arc resistance
Phase Directional OC Relay, 67 back-up for phasephase or 3-phase faults
Ground Directional OC Relay, 67N back-up for lineto-ground faults
Teleprotection, 85 - POTT (Permissive Overreaching
Transfer Trip)
Auto-Reclosing, 79 instantaneous (300msec), single
shot
01/09/16

Looped Line Protection

Implementing Distance Relay Characteristic with
Time Graded Scheme also called Step Distance Scheme
Z3
Z2
Z1

Z3
Z2 Time Delayed

Z1 Instantaneous
A

Time = 0.0 sec

21

Relay Location

Time Delayed

Time = 1.0 sec

Time = 0.35 sec

B

Looped Line Protection

Distance Relay - First Zone Setting
21

21

No intentional delay-for speed

Must under-reach end of the line for selectivity
Typically set for 80-90% of line impedance

Looped Line Protection

Distance Relay - Second Zone Setting
21

21

Time delay of 0.35 second

Must over-reach end of the line
Must not over-reach the Zone 1 of adjacent line
Typically set for 100% ZL1 + 20-50% of shortest
adjacent line impedance

Looped Line Protection

Distance Relay 3rd Zone Setting

ZL3
ZL2
ZL1

Time delay is 1.0 second

Typically set for 100% ZL1 + 100% ZL2 (longest) +
0% - 120% ZL3 (shortest)
Relay setting must be higher than the load
impedance.

Looped Line Protection

21

90% of ZL = instant
A
21
What if the
fault occurs
as shown?

B
90% of ZL = instant
120% of ZL = 0.35 s

On this condition CB B will trip

instantaneously via Zone 1 operation while
CB A will trip after
0.35 second via Zone 2. This is not good
since the fault has to be cleared immediately.

So there is a need to solve this problem to cover

the protection of the remaining 10% of the line!

Looped Line Protection

Communication-Aided Protection
21

Z1 = 90% of ZL = instant
Z2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 s

A
21

B
Z1 = 90% of ZL = instant
Z2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 s

TRIP
Z2

XMTR
A

AND
RCVR
A

TRIP

XMTR
B

AND

RCVR
B

Z2

Looped Line Protection

Communication-Aided Protection
21

Z1 = 90% of ZL = instant
Z2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 s

A
21

B
Z1 = 90% of ZL = instant
Z2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 s

No TRIP
Z2

XMTR
A

AND
RCVR
A

No TRIP

XMTR
B

AND

RCVR
B

Z2

Looped Line Protection

Back-up Directional Overcurrent Relay
67
67N

67
67N

Relay is set at fault at the adjacent bus

3-phase fault for 67 while SLG fault for 67N
Time is 0.70 second
Instantaneous unit is blocked (distance relay must
initiate first the tripping)
No auto-reclosure when tripping initiated by back-up
protection

Looped Line Protection

Auto-Reclosing
With Auto-Reclosing
Zone 1 Tripping
Zone 2 Communication-Aided Tripping
Without Auto-Reclosing
Zone 2, Zone 3 or Zone 4 (reverse zone) Tripping
Back-up Protection Tripping
Note: Auto-reclosing is single-shot and 300 msec time
delay to give time for the PCB to extinguish the fault

Transformer
Protection
Overheating
Normal maximum working temp. = 95 C
8-10 C rise will halve the life of the transformer.

Overcurrent
Fuses for distribution transformer
Overcurrent relaying for 5MVA and above
Characteristics:
Must be below the damage curve
Must be above magnetizing inrush

Transformer
Protection
Differential - 87T
Overload - 51
Back-up Ground - 151G
Overheating - Thermal Relay
Gas Detection - Buchholz Relay
Sudden Pressure - Pressure Relief Valve

Transformer
Protection
CT
52
50/51

86T
87T

POWER
TRANSFORMER

LEGEND:
52
CT

151G

87T TRANSFORMER
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
86T AUXILIARY LOCK-OUT RELAY
50 INSTANTANEOUS OC RELAY
151G BACK-UP GROUND RELAY
52 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER
CT CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Transformer
Protection
Differential Relay
A relay that by its design or
application is intended to respond
to the difference between
incoming and outgoing electrical
quantities associated with the
protected apparatus.

Transformer
Protection
Percentage Differential Protection
Constant Percent Slope Characteristic Differential
Relay
K = 40 %

K = 25 %

Operate
I1-I2

K = 10 %

Min. Pick-up
Restraint = (I1+I2)/2

Transformer
Protection

Percentage Differential Protection

Variable Percent Slope Characteristic

Differential Relay

Operate
I1-I2

Pick-up

TRIP ZONE

Slope 1

Slope 2

NO TRIP ZONE

Restraint = (I1+I2)/2

Busbar
Protection
Typical Bus Arrangements:
Single bus
Double bus, double breaker
Breaker-and-a-half
Main and transfer buses with single
breaker
Ring bus

Busbar
Protection
Bus differential connection (single-bus)

87B
86B
TRIPS AND LOCKSOUT ALL BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO
BUS

BUS

NOTE: All CTs connected to the bus

differential must have same ratios.

Busbar
Protection
Bus differential connection (double-bus, double-breaker)
TRIPS AND LOCKSOUT ALL
BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO
BUS 1

87B

87B

86B

86B
TRIPS AND LOCKSOUT ALL
BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO
BUS 2

BUS 1

BUS 2

Busbar
Protection
Bus differential connection (breaker-and-a-half)
86B
TRIPS AND
LOCKS-OUT ALL
BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO
BUS 1

87B

87B
86B
TRIPS AND
LOCKS-OUT ALL
BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO
BUS 2

BUS 1

BUS 2

Busbar
Protection
Bus differential connection (main and transfer bus)
BUS 1
BUS 2

TRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT

ALL BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO BUS 1

86B
1
87B
1
87B
2
BUS IMAGING
RELAY

86B
2
TRIPS AND LOCKS-OUT
ALL BREAKERS
CONNECTED TO BUS 2

Busbar
Protection
Bus differential connection (ring bus)

NOTE: No bus differential protection is needed. The

busses are covered by line or transformer
protection.

Busbar
Protection
Two Busbar Protection Schemes:
Low Impedance - using time overcurrent relays

inexpensive but affected by CT saturation.

low voltage application; 34.5kV and below

High Impedance - using overvoltage relays (this

scheme loads the CTs with a high impedance to force

the differential current through the CTs instead of the
relay operating coil.)

expensive but provides higher protection security.

115kV and above voltage application or some 34.5kV
bus voltages which require high protection security.

01/09/16