Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Section 2.1
are posed
Characteristics are observed
Variation in Data
The
terminology variable
highlights the fact that data
values vary.
Age
GPA
Major
Smoking Status
Quantitative
Categorical
Categorical Variable
Each
Examples:
Quantitative Variable
Observations
Examples:
Age
Number of siblings
Annual Income
Number of years of education
completed
For
Quantitative variables:
key features are center and
spread
For
Categorical variables:
key feature is the percentage
in each of the categories
Quantitative Variables
Discrete
Quantitative
Variables
and
Continuous
Variables
Quantitative
Discrete
quantitative variable is
discrete if its possible values
form a set of separate
numbers such as 0, 1, 2, 3,
of pets in a household
Number of children in a family
Number of foreign languages
spoken
Continuous
quantitative variable is
continuous if its possible
values form an interval
of time it takes to
complete an assignment
Choice of diet
(vegetarian or non-vegetarian):
Categorical
b. Quantitative
a.
Aliran Aktiviti
Mengenalpasti Pembolehubah
Mengumpul Data
menggunakan instrumen
yg memberikan skor dlm
bentuk nombor.
VARIABLE
A variable is any factor, trait, or condition that can
exist in different amounts or types
FOUR TYPES OF VARIABLES
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Controlled Variable
Extraneous Variable
VARIABLE
Independent Variable
The variable being manipulated or changed
Dependent Variable
The observed result of the independent variable being
manipulated.
The event studied and expected to change whenever the
independent variable is altered.
Controlled Variable
They are the variables that are kept constant to prevent
their influence on the effect of the independent variable
on the dependent.
Extraneous Variable
Variable that might affect the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables
Question
Independent
Variable (What I
change)
Does
fertilizer
make a
plant grow
bigger?
Amount of
fertilizer measured
in grams
Dependent
Variables
(What I
observe)
Controlled Variables
(What I keep the same)
Growth of the
plant measured
by its height
Growth of the
plant measured
by the number of
leaves
See Measuring
Plant Growth for
more ways to
measure plant
growth
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
The level of measurement refers to the relationship
among the values that are assigned to the attributes for
a variable.
There are four types of measurements or
levels of measurement or measurement scales used in
statistics:
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio.
Nominal
variable measured on a "nominal" scale is a variable that
does not really have any evaluative distinction.
One value is really not any greater than another.
The numerical values just "name" the attribute uniquely.
A good example of a nominal variable is sex (or gender).
- Information in a data set on sex is usually coded as 0 or
1, 1 indicating male and 0 indicating female (or the other
way around--0 for male, 1 for female).
- 1 in this case is an arbitrary value and it is not any
greater or better than 0. There is only a nominal
difference between 0 and 1.
With nominal variables, there is a qualitative difference
between values, not a quantitative one.
Nominal Scale
Example:
Jersey numbers in basketball are measures at the
nominal level.
A player with number 30 is not more of anything than a
player with number 15, and is certainly not twice
whatever number 15 is.
Ordinal
Something measured on an "ordinal" scale does have an
evaluative connotation.
One value is greater or larger or better than the other.
Example: Product A is preferred over product B, and
therefore A receives a value of 1 and B receives a value
of 2.
Another example: Academic Qualification might be
rating on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 representing the
highest academic qualification.
With ordinal scales, we only know that 2 is better than 1
or 10 is better than 9; we do not know by how much. It
may vary. The distance between 1 and 2 maybe shorter
than between 9 and 10.
Interv
al
Ratio
Something measured on a ratio scale has the same
properties that an interval scale has except.
With a ratio scaling, there is an absolute zero point.
Paras Ukuran
Data
Sifat
Nominal
Ordinal
Jeda/Sela
(interval)
Nisbah (ratio)
P. Ukuran
Data
Sifat
Tujuan
Ujian Yg
Sesuai
Nominal
Pengkelasan
mengikut
kategori
Perkaitan
pembolehubah
Khi Kuasa
Dua
Ordinal
Mengikut
urutan
keutamaan
atau rank
Perkaitan
pembolehubah
Speraman
rho
MannWhitney
Wilcoxon
P.
Ukuran
Data
Jeda
(interval)
Nisbah
(ratio)
Sifat
Tujuan
Mempunyai
urutan atau rank
serta wujud
perbezaan antara
jeda tetapi tiada
mutlak kosong
Ujian-t
Sama seperti
untuk skala Jeda
Mempunyai
urutan/ rank serta
wujud perbezaan
antara jeda dan
mutlak kosong
Ujian Yg Sesuai
ANOVA SatuHala
ANOVA Dua-Hala
MANOVA
Korelasi Pearson
Regrasi
Berganda