Metabolisme Karbohidrat

Juliana Christyaningsih

Pencernaan makanan &

metabolismenya

Pencernaan makanan &

metabolismenya

Lintasan Metabolisme
Bersama

Jalur katabolisme Protein

Jalur katabolisme Lipid

Pencernaan Karbohidrat

Karbohidrat berupa amilum & glikogen akan

terurai/mengalami hidrasi oleh amilase
menjadi maltosa & glukosa.
Hasil utama hidrolisis disakarida : glukosa,
galaktosa & fruktosa.
Monosakarida kemudian masuk vena porta via
hepar ke seluruh tubuh.
Monosakarida diserap tubuh dg kecepatan yg
berbeda, dg urutan : galaktosa, glukosa,
fruktosa, manosa, xilosa & arabinosa
Selulosa tidak dicerna tubuh, dikeluarkan via
feses

Metabolisme Karbohidrat

Metabolisme Karbohidrat
Pembagian metabolisme KH :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

Glikolisis
Oksidasi piruvat mjd asetil koA
Glikogenesis
Glikogenolisis
PPP(Pentose Phosphate Pathway/ Hexose
Mono-phosphate Shunt/ Jalur
fosfoglukonat oksidatif)
Glukoneogenesis
Metabolisme fruktosa, galaktosa &
heksosamin

Jalur metabolisme
bersama KH & Lipid

Tri Carboxylic Acid Cycle

(TCA Cycle)

Tri Carboxylic Acid Cycle

(TCA
Cycle)
Function : to burn the acetyl-CoA made from fat, glucose
or protein in order to make ATP in
cooperation wih oxidative
phospohorylation

Location : all cells with mitochondria

Connection : from glycolysis through acetyl-CoA. Pyruvate
makes oxaloacetate and malate through
the anaphlerotic reactions. To
oxidation through asetyl-CoA. To amino
acid degradation through acetyl-CoA
and various intermediates of TCA cycle

Tri Carboxylic Acid Cycle

(TCA Cycle)
Regulation : supply and demand of TCA cycle.
Availability of NAD+ and FAD as
substrates. Inhibition by NADH. Highenergy signals turn off. Low-energy
signals turn on.
ATP yield : Pyruvate
15 ATP
Acetyl-CoA
12 ATP

Glicolysis

Glicolysis
Function : Aerobic, to convert glucose to
pyruvate. Pyruvate can be burned
for energy (TCA) or converted to
fat (fatty acid synthesis)
Anaerobic : ATP production. Recycle
NADH by making lactate
Location : Cytosol of all cells

Glicolysis
Connections : Glucose in, pyruvate or lactate out
G6P to glycogen (reversible)
G6P to pentose phosphate (not
reversible)
Pyruvate to TCA via acetyl-CoA (not
reversible)
Pyruvate to fat via acetyl-CoA (not
reversible)

Glicolysis
Regulation :
Primary signals : Insulin turns on
Glucagon turns off
Epinephrine turns on in muscle, off in
liver
phosphorylation turns off in liver, on in
muscle
Secondary signals :Glucose signals activate (fructose 2,6biphosphate activates
phosphofructokinase)
Low-glucose signals inhibit
High-energy signals inhibit
Low-energy signals activate

Glicolysis
ATP yields :
Aerobics : 1 glucose
Anaerobics : 1 glucose
Complete : 1 glucose

2ATP+2NADH+2pyruvate
2ATP+2lactate
38 ATP + 6CO2

From glycogen : (Glycogen)n

3 ATP+2NADH+
2 pyruvate

Effect of arsenate
This is a common exam question

Glikolisis pada eritrosit

Glikolisis pada eritrosit

Oksidasi glukosa selalu menghasilkan laktat

(eritrosit tdk memiliki mitokondria shg TCA cycle
tdk berlangsung)
Senyawa 2,3 bifosfogliserat berfungsi u/
membantu oksihemoglobin melepaskan O2

Oksidasi piruvat menjadi

asetil koA

Piruvat masuk mitokondria akan terjadi

reaksi :
Piruvat + HSCoA + NAD+

asetil koA+NADH+ H+

Arsenit/ion Hg membentuk kompleks dg gugus

SH dari asam lipoat dan akan menghambat
enzim piruvat dehidrogenase.
Reaksi ini memerlukan TPP (tiamin piroposfat)
& enzim piruvat dehidrogenase kompleks
CoA yg mengandung asam pantotenat

Glicogenesis &
Glicogenolysis

Glicogenesis &
Glicogenolysis

Glicogenesis &
Glicogenolysis

Function : to store glucose equivalents

and retrieve them on demand
Location : major deposits in liver for
maintaining blood glucose
Deposits in muscle for
providing glucose for muscle
energy requirements
Connections :glycogen to and from G 1P
G1P to G6P
G6P to glucose (liver &
kidney only)

Glicogenesis &
Glicogenolysis
Connections : G P from glucose
6

G6P to and from glycolysis and

gluconeogenesis
G6P to pentose phosphates (not reversible)

Regulation
Primary signals : Insulin turns synthesis on, degradation
off
Glucagon turns synthesis off,
degradation on
Epinephrine turns synthesis off,
degradation on
Phosphorylation turns synthesis off,
degradation on
Secondary signals :
G6P activates synthesis

Glicogenesis

Enzim glikogen sintase, membentuk ikatan

1,4 glikosidik (rantai lurus)
Branching enzyme membentuk ikatan 1,6
glikosidik (rantai cabang)

Glicogenolysis
Enzim fosforilase, memutus ikatan 1,4
glikosidik (rantai lurus)
Debranching enzyme , memutuskan ikatan
1,6 glikosidik (rantai cabang)

Hexose Mono Phosphat

Shunt

Hexose Mono Phosphat

Shunt
Function : to supply reducing equivalents for
biosynthesis NADPH & pentoses for DNA & RNA
biosynthesis
Location : every where
Connections :
To glycolysis and glycogen through G6P share some
enzymes with glycolysis.
To DNA-RNA synthesis through ribose 5 phosphate

Hexose Mono Phosphat

Shunt

Regulations :
NADPH inhibits
NADP+ activates
High G6P activates
Equations :
Making NADPH
3 G6P+ 6NADP+
2 Fructose 6P +
glyceraldehide 3P + CO2 +6NADPH
Making Ribose 5 P
G6P+ 2NADP+
Ribose 5P +CO2+ 2H+
+2NADPH

Hexose Mono Phosphat

Shunt

Sangat aktif dalam : hati, jar lemak, korteks

adrenalis, kelenjar tiroid, eritrosit, mammae,
testis
Pada eritrosit, senyawa NADPH yang terbentuk
dapat mereduksi glutation teroksidasi (GSSG)
menjadi glutation tereduksi (GSH) dg enzim
glutation reduktase

Gluconeogenesis /Corry
Cycle

Gluconeogenesis
Function : Gluconeogenesis makes glucose
from pyruvate to help maintain blood
glucose levels
Location : Liver & kidney, not muscle
Connections : piruvat in, glucose out
lactate in, glucose out
alanine in, glucose out
Regulation :
Primary signals : insulin turns off, glucagon
turns on, acetyl CoA turns on,
phosphorylation turn on in liver

Gluconeogenesis
Secondary signals :
Glucose signals turns off (fructose 2,6 biphosphate
inhibits fructose 1,6 biphosphatase)
Low glucose signals activate
High energy signals activate
Low energy signals inhibit

Gluconeogenesis

1.
2.
3.
4.

Substrat glukoneogenesis :
Laktat, dari otot, eritrosit, dll
Gliserol, dari hidrolisis TG pd jaringan lemak
Asam-asam amino glukogenik (alanin dsb)
Propionat (pd ruminansia)
Glukoneogenesis ini penting krn jaringan perlu
pasokan kontinyu sbg sumber energi terutama
sistem saraf & eritrosit

Sintesis Laktosa