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Presented by:-
Kuldeep singh 009
Amit Khanna 008
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  esearch design
provides a systematic plan of
procedure for the researcher
to follow´.± John W. Best.
 


- a conceptual Structure
- a blueprint
- an outline of what the researcher will do
esearch design is a set of advance decisions that make up
the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for
collecting and analyzing the needed information.
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ã What the study is about ?
ã Why the study is undertaken ?
ã What are the types of data required ?
ã Where data can be found ?
ã What techniques of gathering data will be adopted ?
ã Where data can be found ?
ã n which areas, the study will be undertaken ?
ã When or what periods of time , the study will conclude ?
ã
ow much resources (men ,money , and materials ) will be
required ?
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ß. A clear statement of the research problem.
2. The purpose or objective of the research
3. The time period of research study
4. The sources of collecting data.
5. The procedures and techniques of collecting data.
6. The universe of research design.
7. The sample size of respondents , if any.
8. The area where research to be conducted.
9. The methods or techniques of data processing.
ß0. The resources required to conduct the research.
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V Smooth & efficient sailing (sets boundaries & prevents blind search)
V Yields maximum information (avoids collection of unnecessary data)
V Costs least in terms of effort, time & money
V Maximizes reliability of results
V Provides firm foundation to the endeavor
V Averts misleading conclusions & thoughtless exercise
V
elps organising ones ideas
V Gives chance to foresee flaws & inadequacies (anticipates problems)
V ncorporates by learning from others critical comments & evaluations
V Like a successful journey,
± Broadens your mind
± Gives fascinating & exciting experience
± Gives insight into world around you
± Provides opportunity to meet people
± Gives fun and reward, but at times, very tedious
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± t is advisable
to find out the cost ±benefit ratio before proceeding
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± ts depends upon
the selection of data sampling, measurement
technique, data collection, purpose of research
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ã t is easy to suggest a problem but difficult to make

a good research design
ã ach problem/research work is unique & demands
unique research design & unique combination of
methods and techniques
ã Comprehensive
ã lexible
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ã $%%44 j##|%#|&j %'&(j&%( %! $%4 j(

$(&3 4 :- This suggest that the design should be such that it
chooses appropriate combination of methods and techniques based on
objectives, possible implications of results and overall environment, current
knowledge etc.

ã 4$%
 ' j#j'
:- This point suggests that the design should
be universally acceptable and understood by persons. t should be simple,
clear and easily understood by laymen.

ã fficient, economical, maximum eliability, minimum Biases & Smallest

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xplore- to find/ discover.

Purpose to find out causes behind a problem precisely, collect

required information and identify alternate courses of action
in order to deal with the problem

Uses of exploratory research include:

¦ Gain background information.
¦ To understand such problems.
¦ Clarify problems and hypotheses.
¦ stablish research priorities.
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Methods of Conducting xploratory esearch
ß. Secondary data analysis
2. xperience (xpert) surveys
3. Case Analysis
4. ocus groups
 
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esearcher desires to know the characteristics of certain
groups such as age, sex, occupation income or
education.
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As the name indicates ,casual design investigates the cause
and effect relationship between two or more variables.

¦ Casual research is useful to show the impact of one variables

on the other. or example, Price and market demand
relationship or relationship between market competition and
sales performance.

¦ Data collected:
¦ Survey
¦ Lab experiments
SLCT G A STUDY
DS G
The various designs have been classified by examining
them from different perspectives :

ã The number of contacts with the study population.

ã The reference period of study.
ã The nature of investigation.
ã 
thers´-some commonly used study designs which
are based on certain philosophy or methodology.
 Study Design Based on umber of
Contacts
Classified in Three groups :
ã Cross-sectional studies
ã Before and after studies
ã Longitudinal studies
ã Also Known as one-shot or status studies
ã Commonly used design in social sciences
ã t is best suited to studies aimed at finding out
prevalence of a phenomenon, situation,
problem, attitude or issue, by taking a cross-
section of population
 Steps involved are :-
ã What you want to find out
ã dentify the study population
ã Select a population
ã Select a sample
ã Contact your respondent to find out
information u need
or example:-
ã xtent of unemployment in city
ã Consumer satisfaction with a product.
ã
ealth needs of a community.
ã eason for homelessness among young
people.
ã elationship between home environment and
academic performance of student.
ã uality assurance of a service provided by
organisation.
 Advantages:-
ã
nly one contact with study population.
ã Comparatively cheap.
ã asy to analyze.

Disadvantages:-
They cannot measure change.
 Before And After Study Design
ã Most appropriate design for measuring the
impact or effectiveness of a program.
ã Described as two sets of cross-sectional
data collection points on the same
population to find out change in
phenomenon or variables.
ã Change is measured by comparing the
differences in phenomenon or variables.
ã Most commonly used for evaluation studies.
or example:-
ã ffect of advertisement on sales of product.
ã ffect of random breath testing on road
accidents.
ã mpact of incentives on productivity of
employees in an organisation.
ã mpact of increased funding on quality of
teaching in universities.
 Advantages:-
ã Measuring the impact or effectiveness of a
program.
Disadvantages:-
ã Two sets of data being collected, so its quite
expensive, difficult to implement, takes longer time to
complete.
ã Time lapse between two contacts may results in
attrition in study population.
ã Maturation effect (studying young children).
ã eactive ffect (awareness).
ã The expression of an attitude in response to a
questionnaire or interview has cause them to
think about and alter their attitude at the time
of post-test. This type of effect is known as
egression ffect (shift in attitude).
 Longitudinal Study Design
ã Mainly used to determine pattern of change in
relation to time.
ã Useful for collecting factual information on a
continuing basis.
ã Ascertains trends in demand for labor, immigration,
changes in the incidence of disease or in the
mortality, morbidity, and fertility pattern of a
population.
ã Basically the population is visited a number of times
at regular intervals to collect information.
ã Time period can be as short as a week or as
long as a year.
ã t can be seen as a series of repetitive cross-
sectional studies.
Advantages:-
ã t allows the researcher to measure the pattern
of change and obtain factual information,
requiring collection on a regular or continuing
basis, hence increase its accuracy.
Disadvantages :-
ã Same as before and after study.
ã Conditioning effect.
 Study Designs Based on eference
Period
ã Time frame for exploring phenomenon,
situation, event or problem.
ã Categorization of studies :-
ã etrospective;
ã Prospective;
ã etrospective- Prospective.
 etrospective study Design
ã nvestigates a phenomenon, situation, problem
or issue happened in past.
ã Conducted on basis of past data available or
respondent recall of situation.
ã or example :-
ã A historical analysis of migratory movements
in astern urope between ß9ß5 & ß945.
ã elation between levels of unemployment and
street crime.
ã Utilization of land before world war 2 in
australia.

Prospective Study Design

An attempt to establish the outcome of an event
or what is likely to happen.
ã efer to likely prevalence of phenomenon,
situation, problem, attitude or outcome in
future.
ã esearcher must wait for an intervention to
register its effect on study population.
ã or example :-
ã To determine the effect of random breath
testing on prevention of road accidents.
ã To find out effect of parental involvement on
level of academic achievement of their
children.
 etrospective- Prospective
ã t focus on past trends in a phenomenon and
study it into future.
ã t measures the impact an intervention without
having a control group.
ã A part of data is collected from records before
intervention is introduced and then study
population is followed to ascertain the impact
of intervention.
ã or example :-
ã ffect of advertisement on sale of product.
ã ffect of random breath testing on road
accidents.
ã mpact of incentives on productivity of the
employees of an organisation.
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AK Y
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