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PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Gastrovascular Cavities
Simple animals, such as cnidarians
Have a body wall only two cells thick that encloses a
gastrovascular cavity
Mouth
Radial canal
Figure 42.2
5 cm
Hemolymph in sinuses
surrounding ograns
Anterior
vessel
Figure 42.3a
Lateral
vessels
Ostia
Tubular heart
(a) An open circulatory system
Interstitial
fluid
Dorsal vessel
(main heart)
Auxiliary hearts
Figure 42.3b
Ventral vessels
AMPHIBIANS
Lung capillaries
Lung capillaries
FISHES
Gill capillaries
Artery
Right
systemic
aorta
Pulmocutaneous
circuit
Gill
circulation
Heart:
ventricle (V)
A
Atrium (A)
Systemic
circulation
Vein
Systemic capillaries
Pulmonary
circuit
V
Right
V
Left
Right
Systemic
circuit
Systemic capillaries
Figure 42.4
Pulmonary
circuit
A Left
Systemic
V aorta
Left
Systemic capillaries
A
V
Right
A
V
Left
Systemic
circuit
Systemic capillaries
Capillaries of
head and
forelimbs
Anterior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Pulmonary
artery
9
6
Capillaries
of right lung
Capillaries
of left lung
2
4
Pulmonary
vein
Right atrium
11
Left atrium
Pulmonary
vein
10
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Aorta
Posterior
vena cava
8
Figure 42.5
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and hind limbs
Aorta
Pulmonary
artery
Left
atrium
Right atrium
Pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary
veins
Semilunar
valve
Semilunar
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Posterior
vena cava
Figure 42.6
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
wave of signals
to contract.
SA node
(pacemaker)
3 Signals pass
at AV node.
to heart apex.
4 Signals spread
Throughout
ventricles.
Bundle
branches
AV node
Heart
apex
ECG
Figure 42.8
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Purkinje
fibers
Separated
blood
elements
Number
per L (mm3) of blood
Functions
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
56 million
Transport oxygen
and help transport
carbon dioxide
Leukocytes
(white blood cells)
5,00010,000
Defense and
immunity
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Platelets
Figure 42.15
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Monocyte
250,000
400,000
Blood clotting
Gas Exchange
Gas exchange occurs across specialized
respiratory surfaces
Gas exchange
Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and
disposes of carbon dioxide
Respiratory
medium
(air of water)
O2
CO2
Respiratory
surface
Organismal
level
Circulatory system
Cellular level
Energy-rich
molecules
from food
Cellular respiration
Figure 42.19
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ATP
Gas Exchange
Animals require large, moist respiratory
surfaces for the adequate diffusion of
respiratory gases
Between their cells and the respiratory
medium, either air or water
Lungs of terrestrial animals provide a moist,
thin, vascularized membrane for gas exchange
with blood
Gills
Coelom
Figure 42.20a
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tube foot
Parapodia
Figure 42.20b
Gill
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gills
Gills
Figure 42.20c, d
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lamella
%
% 15
40
Figure 42.21
30
%
60
%
Operculum
90
%
Water
flow
10
0%
70
%
Gill
arch
Blood
vessel
Oxygen-rich
blood
5%
Gill arch
Water flow
over lamellae
showing % O2
Gill
filaments
O2
Blood flow
through capillaries
in lamellae
showing % O2
Countercurrent exchange
Spiracle
Figure 42.22a
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
Branch
from the
pulmonary
artery
(oxygen-poor
blood)
Branch
from the
pulmonary
vein
(oxygen-rich
blood)
Terminal
bronchiole
Left
lung
Alveoli
50 m
Larynx
Esophagus
Trachea
50 m
Right lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
SEM
Heart
Figure 42.23
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Colorized SEM
Air inhaled
Air exhaled
Lung
Diaphragm
INHALATION
Diaphragm contracts
(moves down)
Figure 42.24
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
EXHALATION
Diaphragm relaxes
(moves up)
Air
Anterior
air sacs
Trachea
Posterior
air sacs
Lungs
Lungs
Air tubes
(parabronchi)
in lung
EXHALATION
Air sacs empty; lungs fill
INHALATION
Air sacs fill
Figure 42.25
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1 mm
Pons
2 Nerve impulses trigger
muscle contraction. Nerves
from a breathing control center
in the medulla oblongata of the
brain send impulses to the
diaphragm and rib muscles,
stimulating them to contract
and causing inhalation.
Breathing
control
centers
Medulla
oblongata
Carotid
arteries
Figure 42.26
Aorta
Diaphragm
Rib muscles