5

TOPIC

Gas exchange
processes
Chapter 6
Sections 6.1 6.3

Purpose & Goals

Purpose of gas exchange processes is to remove
the burned gas at the end of the power stroke and
to admit the fresh charge for the next cycle
Goals:
Inducting of the maximum air mass (power is
proportional to air mass flow rate)
mixture preparation (in SI engine)
setting up the flow field within the engine cylinders that
will give a fast combustion for satisfactory engine
operation

Four-stroke SI Engine
Intake system and average
pressure within it
Pressure drops depends on:
-engine speed,
- flow resistance of the
elements in the system,
- their cross-sectional area,
- charge density

Four-stroke SI Engine
Valve timing and pressurevolume diagram

Valve open phases are extended to:

- improve emptying an charging of cylinder

- make use of inertia of gases in the intake
and exhaust systems

EVO

40-60 before BTC

EVC

15-30 after TDC

IVO

10-20 before TDC

IVC

50-70 after BDC

wide-open throttle
part throttle

overlap

Four-stroke SI Engine
Cylinder pressure and valve lift vs crank angle

Turbocharged four-stroke CI Engine

Intake and exhaust
processes

Volumetric efficiency
Is a measure of the effectiveness of the engine and its
intake and exhaust systems as an air pumping device
Defined for 4-stroke engines only as

2m&a
v
a ,0Vd N

If a,0 is evaluated at atmospheric condition, then v is

the overall volumetric efficiency
If it is evaluated at inlet manifold conditions; v then
measures the pumping performance of the cylinder,
inlet port, and valve alone
Discussion will cover unthrottled engine operation

Volumetric efficiency
Is affected by
Fuel type, F/A ratio, fraction of fuel vaporized in the
intake system, fuel heat of vaporization
Mixture temperature as influenced by heat transfer
Ratio of exhaust to inlet manifold pressures
Compression ratio
Engine speed
Intake and exhaust manifold and port design
Intake and exhaust valve geometry, size, lift, and
timings

Volumetric efficiency vs. mean piston speed

Volumetric efficiency of SI Engine is lower

than that of diesel due to:
- flow losses in carburetor and throttle;
- intake manifold heating;
- presence of fuel vapor;
-higher residual gas fraction

Effect on volumetric efficiency of different phenomena

Flow through valves

Volumetric efficiency is affected by intake and

exhaust valve geometry, size, lift, and timings

Flow through valves

Mass flow rate through a poppet valve is described
by the equation for compressible flow through a flow
restriction
This equation is derived for one-dimensional
isentropic flow, and corrected by experimentally
determined discharge coefficient CD
Air flow rate depends on the upstream stagnation
pressure p0 and temperature T0, static pressure
downstream of the flow (assumed equal to the
pressure at the valve throat pT) and a reference area
AR characteristic of the valve design

Flow through valves

Mass flow rate of subsonic flow
CD AR p0 pT
m&

1
RT0 2 p0

p T
2
1

p0
1

When
pT 2

p0 1

flow is choked and

m&

CD AR p0

RT0

1
2

1
2

1
2 1

1
2

Flow through valves

For flow into the cylinder through an intake valve, p0
is the intake system pressure and pT is the cylinder
pressure
For flow out of the cylinder through an exhaust
valve, p0 is the cylinder pressure and pT is the
exhaust system pressure
The value of CD and the choice of reference area are
linked together; their product is the effective flow
area AE of the valve
Geometric minimum flow area is one of the choice
for reference area

Poppet valve geometry

Parameters defining
poppet valve geometry

Valve open area

Instantaneous valve flow area depends on the valve lift and
geometric details of the valve head, seat, and stem
Minimum valve flow area is calculated for three stages of
valve lift

Valve open area

For first stage minimum flow area is between the valve and
the seat, perpendicular to the seat. For this stage

Lv

Am Lv cos Dv 2 w sin 2
2

Valve open area

For second stage minimum flow area is still between the
valve and the seat, but not longer perpendicular to the seat.
For this stage
2

Am Dm Lv w tan w2

1
2

Valve open area

For third stage minimum flow area is the port flow area
minus the sectional area of the valve stem

Am D p2 Ds2
4

Valve open area

Valve-lift curve and valves

open area as a function of
camshaft angle

Flow through valves

Discharge coefficient
of a typical inlet
poppet valve

Valve timing
Typical valve timing
diagram for high-speed
SI engine