6

TOPIC

Supercharging
and
turbocharging
Chapter 6
Section 6.8

Methods of power boosting

Term supercharging refers to increasing the air (or mixture)
density by increasing its pressure prior to entering the
engine cylinder
Three basic methods of supercharging:
mechanical supercharging
turbocharging
pressure wave supercharging

We consider operating characteristics of turbines and

compressors

Mechanical supercharging

Turbocharging

Engine-driven compressor and

turbocharger

Two-stage turbocharging

Turbocharging with turbocompounding

Turbocharger with intercooler

Centrifugal compressor

Basic relationships
Energy balance
2
2

C
C
&
&
Q W m& h
gz h
gz
2
2

out
in

Stagnation properties

h0 h
Work transfer rate

C
,
2

T0 T

C
,
2c p

W& m& h0 ,out h0 ,in

T
p0 p 0
T

Compressor isentropic efficiency

reversible power requirement
C
actual power requirement
Total-to-total isentropic efficiency

CTT

h02 s h01

h02 h01

With constant cp

CTT

p02 p01 1

T02 T01 1

Compressor isentropic efficiency

Since kinetic energy of the gas leaving
the compressor is not usually
recovered, a more realistic definition of
efficiency is based on exit static
conditions

CTS

T2 s T01 p2 p01 1

T02 T01
T02 T01 1

This is termed the total-to-static

isentropic efficiency

Power required to drive compressor

Thermodynamic power requirement:
in terms of total-to-total isentropic efficiency

W&C m&i c p ,i T02 T01

m&i c p ,iT01 p02

CTT p01

in terms of total-to-static isentropic efficiency

W&C m&i c p ,i T02 T01

m&i c p ,iT01 p2

CT S
p01

Power required to drive compressor

&
W
W&C , D C
m

Schematic of radial flow turbine

Turbine isentropic efficiency

actual power output
T
reversible power output
Total-to-total isentropic efficiency

TTT

h03 h04

h03 h04 s

With constant cp

TTT

1 T04 T03
1 p04 p03

Note: cp for exhaust gas may vary

significantly with temperature

Turbine isentropic efficiency

Since kinetic energy at the exit of the
turbocharger is usually wasted, a more
realistic definition of efficiency is based
on exit static conditions

TTS

1 T04 T03
T03 T04

1
T03 T4 s
1 p4 p03

This is termed the total-to-static

isentropic efficiency

Power delivered by the turbine

In terms of total-to-total isentropic efficiency

W&T m&e c p ,eTTT T03 1 p04 p03

e 1
e

In terms of total-to-static isentropic efficiency

W&T m&e c p ,eTTS T03 1 p4 p03

e 1
e

With a turbocharger, turbine is mechanically linked to compressor.

Hence, at constant turbocharger speed

W&C mW&T
where m is the mechanical efficiency of turbocharger. It is usually
combined with the turbine efficiency

Dimensionless groups used to describe

turbocharger performance
& , isentropic
Most important dependent variables are mass flow rate m
efficiency , and temperature difference across the machine T0
Each of these are functions of independent variables

m&, , T0 f p0 ,in , p0 ,out , T0,in , N , D, R , ,

By dimensional analysis, these eight independent variables can be
reduced to four dimensionless groups

m& RT0 ,in

p0 ,in D 2

T0
, ,
f

T0 ,in

p0 ,out m&
ND
,
,
,
RT0 ,in p0 ,in D

Dimensionless groups used to describe

turbocharger performance
Reynolds number has little effect on performance and is fixed by the
gas, therefore they can be omitted
For a particular device, dimensions are fixed and value of R is fixed. So, it
is convenient to plot

m& T0 ,in
p0 ,in

m& T0,in
p0 ,in

T0
, ,
f

T0 ,in

is corrected mass flow,

T0 ,in

p0 ,out

,
p0 ,in

N
T0,in

is corrected speed

Schematic of compressor operating map

Centrifugal compressor operating map

Radial turbine performance map

Radial turbine performance map

Characteristics
of turbocharger

Steady-state turbocharger
operating lines plotted as
constant T03 /T01 lines on
compressor map.

dash-dot-dash line is for p03 = p02

to the left

p03 < p02

to the right

p03 > p02

Thats all for

today

For those who

wants to know
more

Centrifugal compressor

Positive displacement compressors

h-s diagram for

flow through
centrifugal
compressor

Velocity diagrams

Schematic of radial flow turbine

h-s and velocity

diagrams for radial
turbine