Unsteady Swirling Flow

Chacko, Jerin
Srivastava, Sachin
Thomas, Fanny
2015.12.01

Equations, Figures, and few Slides are take from he dissertation of Dr. Golubev
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Overview
Objective
Problem Statement
Initial Value Problem (IVP)
Eigen Value Problem (EVP)
Boundary Value Problem (BVP)
Future Work

Objective
To modify the code that is provided by Dr. Golubev
To reproduce the results from Dr. Golubev Dissertation

Problem Statement
To analyze the unsteady flow from the rotor and identify
the IVP, EVP, and BVP

Theory

NIFORM UPSTREAM MEAN FLOWS

Uniform Flow
Splitting into acoustic, vertical and entropic modes:
Kovasznay, 1953
Potential Flow
Partial splitting into acoustic, vertical and entropic modes:
Goldstein, 1978; Atassi and Grzedzinski,1989
Application to loaded airfoil and cascades:
Scott and Atassi, 1995; Fang and Atassi, 1993;
Hall and Verdon, 1991
Wundrow, 1991 (free vortex swirling flow)

Unsteady Linearized Theories

(Continued)
UPSTREAM VORTICAL MEAN FLOWS
Swirling Flow
Eigenmode analysis of unsteady motion:
Kerrebrock, 1977

Shear Flow
Initial value analysis of unsteady motion:
Goldstein-, 1978, 1979
Acoustic vorticity coupling imposed by centrifugal and Coriolis forces
6

Two Spectra of Unsteady Flow

Unsteady flow decomposed

into nearly-sonic,
pressure-dominated (S)-modes and nearlyconvected, vorticity-dominated (C)-modes.

= (s)+(c)
p = p(s) + p(c)
(R)

(s)

(R)

(R)
(s)

Enables to determine degree of interaction

between various modes
Allows to directly extend classical definition of
gust to vortical swirling flows

Two Spectra of Unsteady Flow

Pressure-dominated (S)-modes: determined from eigenvalue analysis,
identified with acoustic solution
p(s) = exp{]}d
Vorticity-dominated (C)-modes: determined
analysis, identified with gust solution
(c)

(r)

from

initial-value

= Am exp{]}d ,
]=0
(c)

= Am+(c)

Initial

Eigen

Value

Value

Problem

Problem

Farfield
Condition

Gust Evolution

Boundary
Value
Problem
Aerodynamic
Response

Acoustic
Response

Initial Value Problem

Introduction:
To study the propagation of pressure disturbances with
mean potential swirling flow in an annular cascade.
To determine and understand inflow/outflow boundary
conditions for simulation purposes in aircraft engine duct
system.
To study the nature of the evolving gust.
10

Agenda (IVP)
Terminology
Literature Review
General Assumptions
Formulation
Mean Flow Model
Governing Equations and their conclusions
Gust in a Swirling Flow

la
u
n
n
A

de
a
sc
a
rc

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Literature Review
Schulten, 1982 and Namba, 1987
Considered 3D geometry of annular duct
Zero stagger cascade
Used method of singularity
The model accounts correctly for the duct acoustic modes
Limitation: Cannot be extended to staggered cascade and/or loaded
cascade
Montgomery and Verdon, 1997
Developed a linearised Euler analysis
Assumed the gust to be convected by the mean flow
Neglected changes in amplitude and phase of the incoming
disturbance caused by the mean flow
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Literature Review

(continued)

Golubev and Atassi, 2000b and Elhadidi et al., 2000

Showed that changes in amplitude and phase of the incoming
disturbances significantly modified the evolution of the unsteady
incident vertical disturbances.
Golubev and Atassi, 2000a
Developed a model for the interaction of unsteady incident
disturbances in a swirling mean motion with an annular cascade of
unloaded blades.
The present study shows the analytical and numerical analyses
developed for the interaction of incident disturbances propagating in
mean swirling flow with an unloaded annular cascade.
Thus, presenting the aerodynamic and acoustic results.
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General Assumptions
Mean flow is parallel or near-parallel to the duct wall.
Velocity is a function of co-ordinate normal to the duct wall.
For simplicity, we consider that the mean flow velocity is
composed of axial velocity, free vortex rotation and a vortical
rigid body rotation.

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Formulation
Aim
:
Determine the response of an annular unloaded cascade due to its
interaction with unsteady swirling flow at moderate subsonic regions.
Assumptions for present study :
Constant hub and tip radii, rh and rt respectively since the variations in
their values effect the unsteady lift coefficient and acoustic coefficient.
Swirling mean flow is composed of an axial flow and a free vortex flow.
Isentropic flow from hub to tip.
Time harmonic disturbances of the form .

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Effect of Hub to Tip Ratio

Unsteady Lift Coefficient

Acoustic Coefficient (Upstream and

Downstream)

For large hub to tip ratios, variations in

the lift coefficient is small
The variation in lift coefficient is
significant as the ratio decreases

Downstream: Acoustic coefficient of first

radial mode increases as the ratio
decreases until the second mode cuts on
where it starts to decrease.
Both upstream and downstream
coefficients of second acoustic mode
increase as the ratio decreases.

shows that change in number of cut-on modes has strong influence on aerodynamic and acoustic coefficien
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Formulation (continued)
Therefore, the total flow is assumed to be axisymmetric and can be written as:

Axial

where

is the strength of the free vortex,

direction and

Radial

is the unit vector in axial

is the unit vector in radial direction.

In present study, the total variation of the circumferential mean velocity is given
by:

[1]
Rigid body rotation

Vortex Swirl
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Mean Flow Model

Croccos Equation: It provides the relationship between the mean flow stagnation
enthalpy h0,
temperature T0, entropy S0 and velocity U.

[2]

In present analysis the entropy component has been neglected (assumption) and
is considered relevant if the flow Mach Number relative to the blade is in
supersonic regime. Also, for simplicity we assume the enthalpy to be constant in
present analysis.
[3]

= 0
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Mean Flow Model

(continued)

In turbomachinery application, one may consider the axial velocity Ux is

constant. Then integrating the equation [3] we get:
Usr = constant
which is the free-vortex flow condition due to the absence of axial velocity
component.
Using the Croccos equation [2] and the total mean circumferential velocity
equation [1], the axial velocity component Ux can be deduced as:

where U0 is the axial velocity at the mean radius of the duct rm

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Governing Equations for Unsteady

Flow

The velocity, pressure and density of the fluid can be represented as:

[4]

where, the time dependent quantities are assumed to be much smaller than those of
the mean flow.

The time dependent quantities are linearized by Euler equations of

motion:
[5]

where, 0 and c0 are the density and speed of sound; and u and p are the 20

Governing Equations

(continued)

We know that the mean swirl flow consists of various disturbances therefore it
is difficult to split them into entropic, potential and vortical parts.
Therefore, the coupling between pressure-dominated and vorticity-dominated
modes has been examined.
From Goldsteins decomposition of the velocity in terms of potential and
vortical components we get;
[6]

where the potential component

and the vortical/rotational component
satisfy the Euler equations of motions which is equation [5].
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Governing Equations

(continued)

Therefore, it reduces the Euler equations of motion to :

[7]

where
is the mean-flow vorticity and
wave propagation respectively.

and

are operators of convection and

These two equations represent the behavior of coupled pressure and vorticity
dominated eigenmodes.
The pressure dominated eigenmodes represent the acoustic part of the solution and
the vorticity dominated eigenmodes represent the convected part of the solution.
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Conclusions from Governing Equations

The splitting of the velocity field into potential and vortical components has
been used to
study the interaction of the vortical disturbances with uniform upstream
conditions.
The solutions to the equations
decomposition will depend

of

motion

obtained

from

Goldsteins

on the upstream condition of the unsteady flow.

If upstream consists only of the acoustic disturbances, then u (R) = 0 and the
decay of the acoustic
disturbances is governed by the following equation
On the other hand, if the imposed upstream disturbance is purely convected
the same equation can be utilised to determine the particular solution
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representing the unsteady pressure induced by the incident vortical waves.

Gust In A Swirling Flow

The results obtained from Eigenmode analysis of the governing equations for initial value problem
are:
IVP analysis indicates significant effect of swirl-induced centrifugal and Coriolis* forces on gust
evolution.
For a free-vortex potential swirl, vortical modes uncoupled from acoustic modes, gust vorticity
grows linearly downstream, gust velocity is evolving but bounded.
For a vortical swirl, all modes are coupled, gust velocity is evolving and may be bounded or
amplifying depending on swirl radial distribution.
IVP analysis enables to calculate blade unsteady upwash** and paves the way for treatment of
cascade aerodynamic and acoustic response problem.
* Coriolis force: When a moving mass in a rotation system experiences a force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion

and to the axis of

rotation.
** Upwash: The upward flow of air directly above the leading edge of the airfoil.
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Eigenvalue Problem
Propagation of small disturbance in an annular duct

Mean flow defines swirl in terms of 2 parameters

Angular velocity
Axial vortex

Mean vertical swirling flow velocity is split into nearly

convected part and sonic part.
Normal modes analysis shows that eigen modes are
divided into pressure dominated and vorticity
dominated modes

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BASIC EQUATION OF UNSTEADY

SWIRLING MOTION
Mean Flow
Governing Equations

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INTERACTION NOISE: EFFECTS

OF NON-UNIFORM FLOWS IN
TURBOMACHINES
Flow- induced blade forces are known:
Acoustic field
Acoustic harmonic
Dispersion relation

Note: for rotor/stator interaction

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30

PROPAGATING V/S EVANESCENT

MODES
Cut-off condition:
Propagating (cut-on) modes:

Note: Steady-loading mode(m=0) will not propagate in subsonic

flow: no Gutin-type noise
Noise reduction IDEA: by selecting B and V, cut-off the highlyloaded modes corresponding to lower m

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TRANSONIC/SUPERSONIC
INTERACTION
Steady-loading harmonic m=0 is cut on, may dominate
at m 1
Major contribution from shock waves
Non linear mechanisms of shock overtaking and
coalescence prevent BPF harmonics
Instead, multiple (combination) pure tones appear at
SSF corresponding to pattern periodicity with rotor turns32

33

34

Eigen value Problem:

Formulation

Total velocity is defined as:

Pressure and Density is defined as

Mean flow velocity is further linearized as

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Eigen value Problem:

Formulation

Disturbance velocity and pressure is further divided

into potential and rotational parts
Linearized Euler equation is reduced into the
following equation

Normal mode expansion equation is obtained from

the above equations

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Normal Mode Expansion

Normal modes is used to obtain the spectrum of
propagating acoustic vorticity
Fourier series expansion + Linearized Euler equations gives

Each Fourier component is considered separately and the

following equation can be obtained.
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Normal Mode Expansion

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Potential Swirling Flow

For potential swirl flow, velocity is
combination of uniform flow and free vortex
swirl
The modal expansion equation for potential
swirl flow comes from the uncoupled normal
mode expansion and the homogeneous
governing equation

39

Potential Swirling Flow

Note the secular term in the equation which amplifies
radial vertical velocity which grows algebraically in the
duct
For initial value problem this secular term cancels out
with inhomogeneous wave equation

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Potential Swirl Flow

Moreover, the pressure modes associated with the
potential velocity will propagate exactly as sound wave
As a result the eigenvalue for the sound pressure mode is
then reduced to a homogeneous equation from critical
layer boundary value problem

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Vortical Swirling Flow

Mean flow is a combination of rigid body rotation, free vortex
and axial flow where velocity is
To solve the problem numerically, a new variable is
introduced
A matrix in standard form is introduced based on normal
mode eigenvalue equation

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Numerical Solution
Matrix eigen system is solved numerically using finite difference
technique and pseudo-spectral method
These methods are reduced into algebraic eigensystem and solved
using QR algorithm
Finite difference method uses fourth order approximation of
differential operators with boundary conditions as
However, the accuracy of finite difference scheme is not sufficient to
resolve the nearly convected eigensolutions of critical layer where
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Numerical Solution
Pseudo-spectral method is based on Chebyshev expansion
method with exponential convergence
This method accurately solve thin layer of steep changes
such as critical layer unlike finite difference method
Since its easier to calculate derivatives and integrals from
Chebyshev expansion, the eigensystem matrix reduces to
the following

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Boundary Value Problem

Initial Value Problem and Eigen Value Problem are applied to a
Boundary Value Problem
Boundary value problem reduces to a single equation:

JSV (1998) 209(2), 203-222 [eq. 16]

With boundary conditions:

The boundary value problem is not Sturm-Liouville problem
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46

Solution Expansion at
inflow/Outflow Boundaries
(,,) = {v,n }

(s)

From cascade quasiperiodicity

V = m + B
Pressure modes
Pv,n() = i0( - Kv,n(u,d) v(+/r2)] v,n(r)
Modal amplitudes Cv,n(u,d) are determined numerically by
matching the far field expansion with BVP numerical solution
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Numerical Formulation
Match for solutions at x0(u,d) = Tx and x1(u,d) = x0(u,d)hx
(s)

(,,) =

(,,)

.C

Vector of grid potentials (x) = {(s)(x,rj,i), i = 1,,2+1, j = 1,,N

(x) = F(x).C, F(x) = {T(,,) ,,

T
T
(x,rN,(2+1))

Formulation (xo) = F(xo).F-1(x1). (x1)

Additional factorization required to avoid ill-conditioned matrix

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Numerical Formulation
(s)(,,) = [-i 0 v,n v,n(r)] )
Match between solutions for unsteady pressure

(s)

(,,)

and its Convective derivative 0p(s)(,,)/Dt at

Vectors of grid solution P(x) = P(x).C,

Dp(x) =

Dp(x).C
Impedance-type relation Dp = Dp.P-1.P
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50

Linearized Equations For Vortical

Flow

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Conclusions
Model for interaction of incident disturbances with a 3D
cascade of blades in a swirling mean flow was proposed.
Mean flow swirl has major impact on radiated sound by
significantly modifying upwash evolution and wave
dispersion.
Impedance-type inflow/outflow conditions were developed to
match an asymptotic modal expansion with numerical
solution of the boundary-value problem.
Application to rotor/stator vertical interaction revealed no
spurious reflections at the inflow/outflow boundaries of the
computational domain
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Problems Encountered:

53

Problems Encountered:

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Results
The given code is converted to Intel MKL from IMSL
library
It will compile and produce the results in .Dat file

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