W

ATER

SOURCES

Water resourcesare sources ofwaterthat are useful or

potentially useful to humans. It is important because it is
needed for life to exist. Many uses ofwaterinclude
agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and
environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses
require freshwater.
The primery sources of water on earth is
precipitation that come in the form of rain and
snowfall.

SOURCE OF WATER RESOURCES

SURFACE WATER
SURFACE WATERISWATERON THESURFACEOF THE PLANET SUCH
AS IN A STREAM, RIVER, LAKE, WETLAND, OR OCEAN. IT CAN BE
CONTRASTED WITH GROUNDWATER AND ATMOSPHERICWATER. NONSALINESURFACE WATERIS REPLENISHED BY PRECIPITATION AND BY
RECRUITMENT FROM GROUND-WATER.

GROUND WATER
GROUNDWATER(ORGROUND WATER) IS THEWATERPRESENT
BENEATH EARTH'S SURFACE IN SOIL PORE SPACES AND IN THE
FRACTURES OF ROCK FORMATIONS. A UNIT OF ROCK OR AN
UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSIT IS CALLED AN AQUIFER WHEN IT CAN
YIELD A USABLE QUANTITY OFWATER.
*THE GROUND WATER IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF WATER FOR
DRINKING, IRRIGATION, INDUSTRIAL USE.

OVER UTILIZATION OF SURFACE & GROUND

WATER

In worldwide, the largest use of water is for irrigation(70%),

second is for industry(20%), and third is for direct human
use(10%).

Due to increase in population of the country,thus the over

utilization of water,result in the lack of fresh water.

Over exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will

waste this resources and cause ecological crisis.

 CONSEQUENCES OF OVER EXPLOITATION OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

TO TRAP AND CONTROL FLOWING SURFACE WATER, DAMS AND

RESERVIORS ARE BUILD. AND THE STORED WATER IS USED FOR
IRRIGATION,ELECTRICITY GENERATION, WATER SUPPLY FOR DOMESTIC
AND INDUSTRIAL USES, FLOOD CONTROL ETC.
THESE DAMS AND RESERVIORS HAVE ENORMOUS ECOLOGICAL
IMPACTS.
WHEN A RIVER IS DAMMED,VLUABLE FRESH WATER ARE LOST.

AFFECT ON FISHES AND AQUATIC ORGANISM WHEN THE RIVERS

FLOW IS DIVERTED TO CITY AND CROP LANDS THROUGH DAMS.

THE WILDLIFE THAT DEPENDS ON WATER IS ALSO ADVERSELY

AFFECTED.

 CONSEQUENCES DUE TO THE DEPLETION OF GROUND WATER

DEPLETION OF GROUND WATER MEANS THE WATER LEVEL INSIDE THE

EARTH GET DECRESE.
SURFACE WATER DIMINISHES.
LAND SUBSIDENCE
Land subsidenceis a gradual settling or sudden sinking of the Earth's
surface owing to subsurface movement of earth materials.
SALT INTRUSION

Saltwater intrusionis a major concern commonly found in coastal area

around the world.Saltwater intrusionis the induced flow
ofseawaterinto freshwater aquifers primarily caused by groundwater
development near the coast.

WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

AVOID POLLUTING.

AVOID EXCESS OF DETERGENTS AND SOAP.

DISPOSE OFF PROPERLY..

INSTALL CONSERVATION PRACTICES.

HAVE GOOD EQUIPMENT

REUSE.

EFFICIENT USE OF WATER.

WATER HARVASTING FOR CONSERVATION.

FLOOD

Afloodis a general and temporary condition where two or more

acres of normally dry land or two or more properties are
inundated by water or mudflow. Many conditions can result in
aflood: hurricanes, overtopped levees, outdated or clogged
drainage systems and rapid accumulation of rainfall.
*FLOODING AND FLASH FLOODING ARE THE DEADLIEST OF
NATURAL DISASTERS.

 EFFECTS OF FLOOD

DAMAGE TO BUILDING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS.

HEALTH EFFECTS.

 FLOOD MANAGEMENT
FLOOD FORCASTING
Flood forecastingis the use of real-time precipitation and
streamflow data in rainfall-runoff and streamflow routing models
toforecastflow rates and water levels for periods ranging from
a few hours to days ahead, depending on the size of the
watershed or river basin.

DROUGHT

Adroughtis a period of below-average precipitation in a given

region, resulting in prolonged shortages its waters supply,
whether atmospheric, surface or ground water. A droughtcan
last for months or years.
Drought is a period of drier-than-normal condition that
laed to water-related problems.

 DROUGHT CLASSIFICATION

PERMANENT DROUGHT.

SEASONAL DROUGHT.

CONTINGENT DROUGHT.

INVISIBLE DROUGHT.

PHYSICAL ASPECTS ARE USED TO CLASSIFY DROUGHT.THEY MAY BE CLASSIFIED INTO

THREE MAJOR GROUPS.

METROLOGICAL DOUGHT.

Meteorological droughtis defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in
comparison to some normal or average amount) and the duration of the dry period.

AGRICULTURAL DOUGHT.

Agricultural droughtrefers to circumstances when soil moisture is insufficient and

results in the lack of crop growth and production. It primarily concerns itself with shorttermdroughtsituations.

HYDOLOGICAL DROUGHT.

It is a deficiency in surface and sub-surface water supply.it is measured as stream flows

and also as lake, reservoirs and ground water levels.

 CAUSE OF DROUGHT

ERRATIC BEHAVIOURS OF MONSOON.

OVER-EXPLOITATION OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER.

THE RAPID DEPLETION OF FOREST COVER.

 DAMS BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS

BENEFITS

HYDROELECTRIC POWER
IRRIGATION
WATER SUPLY FLOOD CONTROL

PROBLEMS

ENVIRONMENTAL

RISK OF FAILURE

DISPLACEMENT OF TRIBAL PEOPLE

COST

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------_____________

END