01 Ethernet Principle 20090724 A

Ethernet Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know the technical background of the Ethernet and its

basic concepts
Describe the common Ethernet equipment and their

working principle
Understand the function of VLAN
Page2
Contents
1.
Ethernet Concept
2.
Ethernet Port Technology
3.
VLAN Basis
Page3
Ethernet MAC Address
00.e0.fc.39.80.34
MAC address includes 48 bits and it is shown as 12 dotted

hexadecimal notations
MAC address is exclusive globally which is allotted and
managed by IEEE. Every MAC address is composed of two
parts. The first 24 bits part is the vendor code and the other
24 bits part is serial number
If 48 bits are all 1, it means the address is used for
broadcast
If the 8th bit is 1, it means the address is used for multicast

0000000 1011101 0011101 1011101 1011111 1010100
It means this is a multicast

address.
Page4
Ethernet Frame Structure

46---1500 bytes
DMAC
SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD
FCS
64---1518 bytes
Length/Type
Ethernet_II
802.3
Length/T >
1500
Mean
Type of the frame

Length of the frame
Length/T <=
1500
Page5
Ethernet Principle---CSMA/CD
CS: carrier sense
Sense before sending data to ensure the cable is idle and reduce
collision.
MA: multiple access
The data from every station can be received by other multiple

stations.
CD: collision detection
Detect collision while sending data and stop it when the station
find collision then continue to send after waiting for a random
time.
Page6
Working Principle of HUB
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
IN
HUB only changes the physical topology of Ethernet,

It is half duplex.
Page7
Collision Domain
LAN
LAN
LAN
HUB
LAN
LAN
HUB only repeats all the signals coming from connected LAN and
all the physical equipment construct a collision domain.
Page8
Defects of Traditional Ethernet
The transmission efficiency is low in case of many

hosts connected
A lot of collisions
Broadcast storm
No security
Use HUBs to construct the LAN as a sharing Ethernet
Page9
L2 Work Mode
(BRIDGE/Ethernet switch/L2) equipment
work mode
Application layer
Application layer
Presentation layer
Presentation layer
Conversation layer
L2 switch
Conversation layer
Transport layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Network layer
Data link layer

Physical layer
Data link
layer
Physical
layer
Data link
layer
Physical
layer
Data link layer

Physical layer
Page10
L2 Work Principle
A
PORT
2
PORT
1
B
Segment
2
C
Segment
1
switch
typical use of the
switch
Learning based on source
MAC ADD.
port
MAC A
MAC B
MAC C
MAC D
Page11
L2 Work Principle (Cont.)
Forwarding based on destination address
MACD
MACA
MAC ADD.
port
MAC A
MAC B
MAC C
MAC D
Port 1
Port 2
L2 Switch
MACA
MACD
Page12
L2 Switch Principle
Receive all the data frames from the network segment
Save the source MAC addresses of the received frames to

establish MAC address table( self-learning based on source
address) and maintain the address table by aging mechanism
Check the MAC address table to find out the port corresponding
to the destination address. If it is the receiving port, it will take
the frame; if it is not the receiving port, the data will be
broadcasted to all the other ports (except the source port)
Forward broadcast and multicast frames to all other ports

(except the source port)
Page13
Three Switch
Modes
Cut-Through
Switch forward the frame immediately after it receive destination address
Short time delay
Switch dont check the error
Store-and-Forward
Switch forward the frame after it receive the whole frame
Long time delay
Switch check the error so no error frame will be forwarded
Fragment-free
Switch forward the frame after it receive 64 bytes( the shortest frame
length)
Integrate the advantage of the cut-through and store-and-forward mode
Page14
Broadcast Domain
Broadcast
domain
LAN
collision domain
LAN
LAN
SWITCH
collision domain
collision domain
LAN
collision domain
LAN
collision domain
L2 will forward the received frames according to the MAC

address so collision domain is limited to one port. But it
can not limit the broadcast domain.
Page15
Contents
1.
Ethernet Concept
2.
3.
VLAN Basis
Page16
Ethernet Connection
Requirements
Ethernet connection must ensure the performance of
the network
Bandwidth
Delay
Two methods to increase bandwidth for users:
Increase the overall network bandwidth
Build switching Ethernet, and use bandwidth exclusively.
Increase link rate: 10M--100M--1000M
Decrease the number of equipment attached to the same

shared medium
Page17
Transmission Distance of Fast

Ethernet
Technical
Standard
100BaseTX
100BaseT4
Transmissio
Types of Cable
n Distance
2 pairs EIA/TIA Type 5 (UTP) Unshielded Twisted Pair

4 pairs EIA/TIA Type 3, 4 and 5 (UTP) Unshielded Twisted
Pair
100m
100m
100BaseFX
Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) cable
550m-2km
1000BaseCX
Copper shielded twisted-pair
25m
1000BaseT
1000BaseSX
Copper EIA/TIA Category 5 (UTP) Unshielded twisted-pair,

4 pair
Multi-mode fiber, 50/62.5um fiber, use 850nm laser
EIA: Electronics Industries Association

TIA: Telecommunications Industries Association
Page18
100m
550m/275m
Ethernet Technology---AutoNegotiation
If there is no auto-negotiation mechanism, the

following problems will arise:
Cannot realize the auto dual-rate configuration function

of the port (such as 10Mbit/s and 100Mbit/s)
Cannot confirm the operation mode of duplex
Cannot confirm whether it's in need of the flow-control

function or not
If both of the equipment provide auto-negotiation

then, it is the best choice.
Page19
Ethernet Technology---AutoNegotiation (Cont.)
The basic mechanism of the auto-negotiation

function is to encapsulate the negotiation message
into the link integration test pulse.
Fast link pulse
16ms
Every pulse includes 16 digital sequence
Fast link pulse includes a series of

clock/digital sequence comprised of link
integration test pulse.
Page20
Auto-Negotiation
Half-Duplex
Full-Duplex
10M
Support
Support
100M
Support
Support
1000M
Support
10G
Support
If one device can not support auto-negotiation, the other

device that can support auto-negotiation will work at the
default work method.
Page21
Auto-Negotiation on Optical
Fiber
For the optical fiber Ethernet, the conclusion is:
The operation modes at two ends of the link must be

manually configured (speed, duplex modes, flowcontrol and etc.)
The auto-negotiation of Gigabit Ethernet has been

realized
Page22
Flow Control
The function of flow control is to prevent frames from

being lost in case of congestion
Under half duplex mode, the flow control is achieved

by backpressure technology
Under full duplex mode, the flow control generally

abides by standard IEEE 802.3x
Page23
Half Duplex Flow Control

Pretend that there is
collision, then you will
not constantly
transfer!
backpressure
Page24
Full Duplex Flow Control
IEEE802.3x standard defines a new method named

PAUSE frame, to realize the flow control in the full
duplex environment.
PAUSE frame uses a reserved multicast address

which wouldn't be repeated by bridge or switch
Stop
Congestio
n
PAUSE Frame
DATA Frame
Page25
Contents
1.
Ethernet Concept
2.
3.
VLAN Basis
Page26
Disadvantage of Full Duplex and

L2 Switch
Full duplex and L2 make Ethernet progress, resolve

the conflict problem and improve the Ethernet
performance. Furthermore the security is enhanced
to some extent. But the following disadvantages are
still in the Ethernet:
Broadcast flooding
Security cant be guaranteed completely

Broadcast flooding is the main disadvantage of
L2 switch
Page27
Cause of VLAN Generation--Broadcast Storm
broadcast
Page28
Prevent Broadcast Storm
Broadcast domain1
Broadcast domain3
VLAN 10
VLAN 30
Broadcast domain2
VLAN 20
Marketing Department
Financial Department
Engineering Department
Prevent Broadcast Storm

via VLAN
Page29
VLAN Based on MAC or Port

Switch
Switch
Port 1
Port 10
Port 3
MAC A
MAC B
MAC C
MAC D
PC A
Port 7
PC B
PC C
PC D
MAC
VLAN
Port
VLAN
MAC A
Port 1
MAC B
10
Port 3
10
MAC C
Port 7
MAC D
10
Port 10
10
Page30
VLAN Based on Protocol or

Subnet
Switch
IPX
IP
UDP
IP
Switch
1.1.1.1/24 1.1.2.1/241.1.3.1/242.1.1.1/24
Protocol
VLAN
IP
VLAN
IPX
1.1.1.1/24
UDP
10
1.1.2.1/24
10
IP
1.1.3.1/24
11
11
Page31
Frame Format of VLAN

DA
SA
Type
Data
CRC
Standard Ethernet Frame
DA
SA
tag
Type
Data
CRC
TCI
TPID
Priority
CFI
VLAN ID
Ethernet Frame with IEEE802.IQ Flag
Page32
Frame Changes in Network

Communication
VLAN 2
Ethernet frame
with VLAN tag 1
VLAN 1
Ethernet frame
without VLAN
flag
Ethernet frame
with VLAN tag 2
VLAN 1
VLAN 2
Page33
Ethernet Card Port Tag Mode

Packets
Tag flag
Untag flag
Transmit transparently
Drop
Port
Tag aware (In)
Tag aware
(Out)
Access (In)
Access (Out)
Hybrid (In)
Drop
Attach a Tag flag (default

VLAN ID)
Remove the Tag flag (default
VLAN ID)
Attach a Tag flag (default

VLAN ID)
If VLAN ID is the same,

Hybrid (Out)
remove the Tag flag,
otherwise transmit
transparently
Page34
Advantage and Disadvantage of

VLAN
VLAN technology resolves the broadcast problem

and enhances the communication security.
Disadvantage of VLAN:
Improve the bandwidth utilization rate by dividing a

physically interconnected network into several small
logic networks. But what should we do if different
VLANs need to communicate with each other?
Page35
Questions
Please describe the working mechanism of L2

Switch?
What is the advantage of VLAN?
Page36
Summary
Ethernet Concept
VLAN Basis
Page37
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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Ethernet Principle

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Know the technical background of the Ethernet and its

Describe the common Ethernet equipment and their

Understand the function of VLAN

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ethernet Port Technology

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ethernet MAC Address

MAC address includes 48 bits and it is shown as 12 dotted

If the 8th bit is 1, it means the address is used for multicast

It means this is a multicast

Ethernet Frame Structure

SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD

Type of the frame

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

CS: carrier sense

MA: multiple access

The data from every station can be received by other multiple

CD: collision detection

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Working Principle of HUB

HUB only changes the physical topology of Ethernet,

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Defects of Traditional Ethernet

The transmission efficiency is low in case of many

Use HUBs to construct the LAN as a sharing Ethernet

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Data link layer

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Data link layer

Learning based on source

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

L2 Work Principle (Cont.)

Forwarding based on destination address

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Receive all the data frames from the network segment

Save the source MAC addresses of the received frames to

Forward broadcast and multicast frames to all other ports

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Switch forward the frame immediately after it receive destination address

Short time delay

Switch dont check the error

Switch forward the frame after it receive the whole frame

Long time delay

Switch check the error so no error frame will be forwarded

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

L2 will forward the received frames according to the MAC

Ethernet Port Technology

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Two methods to increase bandwidth for users:

Increase the overall network bandwidth

Build switching Ethernet, and use bandwidth exclusively.

Increase link rate: 10M--100M--1000M

Decrease the number of equipment attached to the same

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Transmission Distance of Fast

2 pairs EIA/TIA Type 5 (UTP) Unshielded Twisted Pair

Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) cable

Copper shielded twisted-pair

Copper EIA/TIA Category 5 (UTP) Unshielded twisted-pair,

EIA: Electronics Industries Association