9.

5 Charging by Conduction
(contact)
Objects dont need to rub together to transfer a charge.
In conduction two objects just need to touch.
One object is already charged, while the other may or may not be.
Important:
The two objects must have different amounts of charge.

How It Works
One object already has a charge.
If the other object has a different charge, then electrons will
transfer from one object to another.
This creates the shock.
The objects dont even need to touch. The electrons can jump across
the gap. This creates a spark.

- - - - - - - - -

----

- - - - - - -

An Example of Conduction
When you walk across the carpet you pick up
electrons through the process of:
Friction.
Negative
This means you have a ______ charge.
The doorknob is usually uncharged.
Before your hand touches the doorknob, electrons
jump creating a spark.
The doorknob shares your charge and is now
negatively charged.

9.8 Charging by Induction

Remember that charges can be transferred by:
1. Rubbing two objects together (friction)
2. Touching two differently charged objects together (contact or
conduction)
There is a third way to transfer a charge between objects:

Induction
Induction means:
Something happens without direct contact.
When an uncharged object comes close to a charged object, it can
become charged even without touching.

Charging Conductors by Induction

Computers, cell phones, TVs, i-pods use charging by induction.
A conductor is a material that can move an electric current.
When induced charge separation happens in a conductor, the electrons
dont just change position. They can move from atom to atom.
When a negatively charged object is placed near an uncharged object,
the electrons are forced to move.
If the object is connected to a conductor, the electrons will move out of
the object. The object now has a positive charge.
Look at Figures 2 and 3 on page 286.

Using Charging by Induction

The process of charging by induction has many important uses.
Dust and pollution can be removed from air by making the particles
have a positive charge.
As the dirty air moves through the air cleaner, the positive dirt particles
are attracted by negatively charged plates.
What happens to the dirt particles?
They stick to the plates, and are now cleaned out of the air.

 Induction charging is a
method used to charge
an object without
actually touching the
object to any other
charged object. An
understanding of
charging by induction
requires an
understanding of the
nature of a conductor
and an understanding of
the polarization process.

Charging by conduction
involves the contact of a
charged object to a
neutral object. Suppose
that a positively charged
aluminum plate is
touched to a neutral
metal sphere. The
neutral metal sphere
becomes charged as the
result of being contacted
by the charged
aluminum plate

What is Electrostatics?
Definition: Electricity at rest
(stationary)
Static means to stand and is used in
Mechanical Engineering to study
forces on bridges and other
structures

Examples of Electrostatics
Thunder and Lightning
Static shocks from carpet and
doorknobs
Rubbing balloons on hair and
sticking to the wall
Rubbing Comb and attracting
paper

Arrangements' of
capacitors
In series
In parallel

Series capacitors
When capacitors are connected in series, the
total capacitance is less than any one of the
series capacitors' individual capacitances. If
two or more capacitors are connected in
series, the overall effect is that of a single
(equivalent) capacitor having the sum total of
the plate spacings of the individual
capacitors. As we've just seen, an increase in
plate spacing, with all other factors
unchanged, results in decreased capacitance.

Parallel capacitor
When capacitors are connected in parallel,
the total capacitance is the sum of the
individual capacitors' capacitances. If two or
more capacitors are connected in parallel,
the overall effect is that of a single
equivalent capacitor having the sum total of
the plate areas of the individual capacitors.
As we've just seen, an increase in plate
area, with all other factors unchanged,
results in increased capacitance.

Series and parallel circuits

Components of an electrical circuit or
electronic circuit can be connected in many
different ways. The two simplest of these
are called series and parallel and occur
very frequently. Components connected in
series are connected along a single path,
so the same current flows through all of the
components. Components connected in
parallel are connected so the same voltage
is applied to each component.

 A circuit composed solely of components connected

in series is known as a series circuit; likewise, one
connected completely in parallel is known as a
parallel circuit.
In a series circuit, the current through each of the
components is the same, and the voltage across
the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each
component. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across
each of the components is the same, and the total
current is the sum of the currents through each
component.

Series circuits
Series circuits are sometimes called currentcoupled or daisy chain-coupled. The current in a
series circuit goes through every component in the
circuit. Therefore, all of the components in a series
connection carry the same current. There is only one
path in a series circuit in which the current can flow.
A series circuit's main disadvantage or advantage,
depending on its intended role in a product's overall
design, is that because there is only one path in
which its current can flow, opening or breaking a
series circuit at any point causes the entire circuit to
"open" or stop operating.

 Current
I= I1 = I2 = I3 = .In
In a series circuit the current is the same for
all elements.
Resistance:
The total resistance of resistors in series is
equal to the sum of their individual
resistances:
R total= R1+R2+R3+.Rn

 Capacitors
Capacitors follow the same law using the
reciprocals. The total capacitance of
capacitors in series is equal to the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of
their individual capacitances:
1/C total = 1/C1+1/C2+1/C3.1/Cn

Parallel circuit
If two or more components are connected
in parallel they have the same potential
difference (voltage) across their ends. The
potential differences across the
components are the same in magnitude,
and they also have identical polarities. The
same voltage is applicable to all circuit
components connected in parallel. The
total current is the sum of the currents
through the individual components.

 Voltage
In a parallel circuit the voltage is
the same for all elements.
V= V 1= V2= V3..Vn

Resistance
The current in each individual resistor is found by Ohm's law.
Factoring out the voltage gives

I total= V (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 ..

1/Rn)

Model of the Atom

Electrostatic field
electric field
associated with
static electric
charges.
electric field - a
field of force
surrounding a
charged particle.
E=F/q having units
N/C or volts/meter

Electric field is defined

as the electric force per
unit charge. The
direction of the field is
taken to be the direction
of the force it would
exert on a positive test
charge. The electric
field is radially outward
from a positive charge
and radially inwards a
negative point charge.

Electroscopes
Test sample touches external ball. Charges
spread out onto foil leaves. Since all charges
are the same the leaves separate by
repulsion - either positive and positive, or
negative and negative.

Gold leaf electroscope

This is an instrument for detecting and measuring static
electricity or voltage.
A metal disc is connected to a narrow metal plate and a thin
piece of gold leaf is fixed to the plate. The whole of this part
of the electroscope is insulated from the body of the
instrument.
A glass front prevents air draughts but allows you to watch
the behavior of the leaf. When a charge is put on the disc at
the top it spreads down to the plate and leaf. This means
that both the leaf and plate will have the same charge.
Similar charges repel each other and so the leaf rises away
from the plate - the bigger the charge the more the leaf
rises.

 .The electroscope can be charged in two ways:

(a) by contact - a charged rod is touched on the

surface of the disc and some of the charge is
transferred to the electroscope. This is not a very
effective method of charging the electroscope.
(b) by induction - a charged rod is brought up to
the disc and then the electroscope is earthed,
the rod is then removed.

The gold leaf electroscope

Used to detect the presence of
electric charge, and indicate its
size.

Metal cap

Insulator

Metal rod

Metal Case
Gold leaf
Glass window

Note:
The divergence of the leaves is due to 2 factors
The repulsion of the same charges on the
two leaves
The attraction between the leaves and
the opposite charge induced on the inside
of the case
The divergence of the leaves measures the
potential difference between the leaves and the
case

To detect charge using an

electroscope

----

If a charged rod is brought near the cap of

the electroscope the leaves diverge
-the neg. charges
--in the rod repel the
--neg. charges in the
++++++
electroscope, which travel
down the leaves which repel
--the size of the divergence
shows the size of the charge

To test the sign of a charge

Charge the electroscope either + or
Bring the object to be tested near to
the cap
If the leaves collapse then the object
has the opposite charge
If the divergence increases the
charge is the same sign