KAI6034 - LECTURE 4

BERMAIN DALAM
PAKK
[PLAY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION)

Apa itu Bermain?

Bermain terdiri daripada ciri-ciri yang dipersetujui oleh
pakarseperti berikut:
Tidaksengaja (voluntary)
Menyeronokkan (pleasurable)
Simbolik (symbolic)
Aktif (active)
Berorientasi proses (process oriented)
Bermotivasi dalaman (intrinsically motivated)

Fokus perbincangan:
Mengapa bermain penting?
What is play?
Why is it important that we pay attention
to children's play?
What do children learn through play?

BERMAIN ADALAH BELAJAR!

atau
BERMAIN ADALAH

BELAJAR

BELAJAR !

ADALAH
BERMAIN !

Mereka bermain atau belajar?

Apa yang mereka main;

Apa yang mereka belajar?

A
KK SUKA BERMAIN
"Play" doesn't necessarily mean an organized activity
or a dedicated period of "quality time."
Play - and learning - can happen anytime you are
with your child.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAG0ZyS1Xp8
Kids playing at park
https://www.voutube.com/watch?v=p-uzbgiETAM

2004, ZERO TO THREE. All rights

PENTING KK BERMAIN
BINCANG
Play is a fundamental right of all children. (UNROC, 1989)
Watch these videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FR5pO 85fMk
Play is Children's Work
Studying Imagination in Children's Play
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQb95itdoCM
Pretend Play-tulsaworld.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMwqMuRtGDs

Learning Through Play

Children learn through play

by:
Imitating (adults and other
children)
Observing
Experiencing
Discovering/exploring
Wondering
Using one's senses
(touching,
hearing,
seeing, tasting, smelling)
For research on early learning go to Handouts.

Research on Early Learning.

2004, ZERO TO THREE. All rights reserved. Contact ZERO TO THREE for all uses: www.zerotothree.org

ftj

Learning Through Play

Babies and toddlers learn best
when they have loving
adults to care for them, and
who are responsive to their
needs and interests.
Babies also learn best when
they can play and explore
an enriching, interesting,
and
child-safe
environment.

2004, ZERO TO THREE. All rights reserved. Contact ZERO TO THREE for all uses: www.zerotothree.org

Outdoor Play
Research shows that the amount of
outdoor play offered to children varies
by child care setting, with some children
receiving little and others much more.
Outdoor play is very important. It helps
children develop many physical skills like
climbing, jumping, balance, and
coordination.

2004, ZERO TO THREE. All rights reserved. Contact ZERO TO THREE for all uses: www.zerotothree.org

Apa itu bermain? Dari apa yang anda lihat

dalam semua gambar ini?

Di mana sahaja, kanak-kanak sentiasa bermain

Apakah yang dikatakan

"bermain"?

Definisi bermain
Bermain adalah kerja kanak-kanak. la terdiri drp aktiviti yang
dilakukan untuk mencapai kegembiraan sendiri yang membantu
perkembangan tingkahlaku, sosial dan psikomotor. Bermain adalah
atas kehendak sendiri kerana kepuasan dan keseronokan yang
dirasai. Ia berlaku secara spontan.
(Play is the work of children. It consists of those activities performed for self-amusement that have
behavioral, social, and psychomotor rewards. It is child-directed, and the rewards come from within
the individual child; it is enjoyable and spontaneous.)

Bermain adalah aspek penting dalam perkembangan kanak-kanak.

Melalui bermain, kanak-kanak belajar mengenai bentuk, warna,
sebab dan akibat, dan mengenai diri sendiri. Selain kebolehan
berfikir, bermain membantu kanak-kanak belajar kemahiran sosial
dan spikomotor. Bermain adalah cara kanak-kanak menyampaikan
rasa gembira, takut, sedik atau bimbang.
(Play is an important part of the childhood development. Through play children learn about shapes,
colors, cause and effect, and themselves. Besides cognitive thinking, play helps the child learn social
and psychomotor skills. It is a way of communicating joy, fear, sorrow, and anxiety.)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player detailpage&v=3f3rOz0NzPc
Play: Preschooler and Toddler Building With Blocks

Definisi Bermain
Hughes (2003) mengemukakan 3 kriteria
untuk mendefinisikan bermain:
freedom of choice (pilihan bebas)
personal enjoyment (keseronokan yang
dirasai)
focus is on the activity itself rather than its
outcomes. (fokus kpd aktiviti, bukan kpd hasil)

Ciri-ciri Bermain
self-directed
self-selected
open-ended
voluntary
enjoyable
flexible
motivating
individual or group

Play is the most

natural of childhood
activities and one of
the most frequently
observed.
(Hughes, 2003, p.
21)

Fungsi Bermain
Research has demonstrated that play enables children to:
make sense of their world
expand social and cultural understandings
express personal thoughts and feelings
practise flexible and divergent thinking
encounter and solve real problems
learn to consider other people's perspectives
negotiate play roles and plans
develop self control
extend language and literacy skills
enhance brain and motor development.

BERMAIN DARI PENGERTIAN KANAK-KANAK

Menggembirakan (adakala mengecewakan apabila
kalah, tidak boleh buat/capai, menyebabkan sesuatu
kesusahan)
[pleasurable-play is an enjoyable and pleasurable activity.
Play sometimes includes frustrations, challenges and fears;
however enjoyment is a key feature]

Berorientasikan proses

self motivating

The Canadian Association for Young

Children believes that play:
Play is natural
Play is essential for
children
Play is fun, exciting,
adventurous, open
ended
Play is creative and
spontaneous
Play is magical and
complex
Play is rewarding
and
stimulating

Play is non-threatening
Play in non-judgemental
Play is directed by the
children
Play is full of choices and
decision making
Play is posing questions
and hypothesizing
Play is focused on the
process and not the
product

Pengertian Bermain
Bermain ialah cara kk
belajar tentang alam

persekitarannya, melalui:
* Eksplorasi/exploration
* Manipulasi/manipulation
* Cuba-jaya/trial & error
*
Improvisasi/improvisation
*

Lakon

out

peranan/acting

Children learn mostly

through play.
By exploring, tasting and
manipulating, children
process new information
and construct their own
sense of order.
Babies and children
explore the physical
environment around
them
with smell, sight, sound,
touch and taste.

Jenis-jenis bermain:
Sensory Play

Exploratory Play

(Learning through

(Learning by
finding out)

senses)
Bermain doh;
Bermain air;
Bermain pasir;
Memasak; dll
(textured/scented/
colored play-dough;
textured/scented
colored water;
colored & textured
sand; cooking)

Meneroka warna/
mencampur warna;
Meneroka
hubungan antara
bentuk-bentuk spatial;
Meneroka nombor
dan corak; saiz, dll

Manipulative Play
(Learning by
touch/feel/handle
/mould)
Bermain blok, lego,
duplo;
Melipat kertas;
Menggunting kertas;

Dramatic

Play

(Learning by
role-taking/
pretending)
Main
Lakon

olok-olok;
peranan;

Main fantasi, dll

Menampal kertas;

(pretending to be

Aktiviti Fizikal.

people animals/
transport

Creative Play
(Learning by
Creating)
Melukis,
mengecap,
membuat kolaj,
pencetak;
bercerita,
menyanyi,
bermain muzik,
membuat corak

(Blocks, lego, duplo,

acting out

Brush blocks

situations

(drawing/painting

(mixing colors

paper-folding

role-play)

s/collages/

shades/dark/light;

cutting/pasting

Printings/stories/

relationships

Physical)

Songs/music &

between shapes spatial relations;

numbers & patterns;
Sizes)

sound/ patterns)

Jenis-jenis Bermain
(Klasifikasi Menurut Mildred Parten, 1932)
Solitary (independent) play -Kk bermain bersendirian, dia bermain dna
menghibur dirinya sendiri. Berlaku pada umur 2-3 tahun, kerana masih
bersifat egocentric & belum mahir berkomunikasi. KK pemalu lebih suka
cara main bersendirian.
Onlooker play -Kk hanya memerhati kk lain bermain, tanpa mengambil
bahagian.
Parallel play - kk bermain bersama tetapi dengan mainan sedniri, tiada social
contact atau berkongsi mainan, masing-masing dalam dunianya sendiri.
Bermain begini boleh menjadi landasan kepada peringkat bermain
seterusnya - associative play.
Associative play - kk masih bermain berasingan tetapi telah terlibat dalam
interaksi sosial. Misalnya kk bermain dengan blok, berbual dengan
rakannya yang bermain anak patung. Peringkat ini penting dalam
membantu kk membina kemahiran bersosial - spt berkerjasama, dan
berkomunikasi. Kk mula membina persahabatan.
Cooperative play - kk bermain bersama dan saling bantu membantu untuk
menyiapkan sesuatu task; ini berlaku pada umur prasekolah. Main
kooperatif adalah permulaan kepada peringkat bermain seperti orang
dewasa - bermain dalam pasukan.

Lain-lain Jenis Bermain

Dramatic/Fantasy play - kk bermain olok-olok sebagai doktor atau

bomba atau cikgu dan melakonkan watak-watak tersebut dengan

penuh imaginasi. Memang mereka meniru watak-watak yang
dilakonkan, tetaapi mereka belajar tentang fungsi ahli-ahli dalam
komuniti.
Competitive play - kk bertanding dalam bermain seperti bermain kad,
dam ular dan lain-lain - ada kalah, ada menang, ada peraturan
untuk diikuti.
Physical play - berbentuk fizikal dan kasar, seperti membaling bola,
naik basikal, buaian, jongkang jongket dsb. Ia menggalakkan kk
menjadi aktif.
Constructive play - contohnya bermain dengan blok untuk membina
jalan atau keretapi. Main konstruktif memerlukan manipulasi
objek. Ia melibatkan kemahiran kognitif kerana kk perlu berfikir
bagaimana untuk membina sesuatu, dan menentukan bentuk dan
saiz objek sesuai untuk membina menara/kereta yang stabil dan
tidak tumbang atau jatuh.

Teksonomi Bermain oleh Hughes's (2002)

1. Social play = bermain dengan rakan-rakan, dapat

mengembangkan kemahiran sosial.

2. Physical play = bermain yang melibatkan kawalan otot-otot dan
kekuatan/tenaga
3. Intellectual play = bermain yang dapat merangsang penyelesaian
masalah dan perkembangan kognitif, misalnya bermain puzzles.
4. Creative play = menghasilkan rekacipta benda atau idea.
5. Emotional play - bermain sambil meluahkan perasaan,

(therapeutic play) dan kawalan emosi.

Pengelasan ini tidak terhad, ianya boleh bertindihan misalnya bermain
'board game' boleh jadi intellectual dan juga social.
[Rujuk: Andrew, M. (2012) Exploring Play, p.31-36. ]

Jenis-jenis bermain dari pandangan NAEYC

4 jenis bermain:
1. Sensory/manipulative/object play/physical play
2. Constructive Play
3. Dramatic or Symbolic Play
4. Games with Rules

1. Sensory/manipulative/object play and

physical play

Bermain sensori (sensory play)

Termasuk aktiviti yang merangsang deria kanak-kanak:
menyentuh, membau/hidu, merasa, melibat dan mendengar.
Aktiviti sensori menggalakkan penerokaan dan penggunaan
kemahiran proses sains kerana semasa meneroka, kk
mencipta, menyiasat dan mengeksprimen.

2. Constructive Play

Kanak-kanak membina sesuatu ciptaan.

Sama ada struktur atau idea atau lukisan

Constructive Play
Constructive play - is about creating things with constructive
and goal oriented activities, such as painting, playing with
dough, building towers etc.
Constructive play is an excellent means of developing finemotor skills and hand eye co-ordination in the younger child.

Building & Constructing

Constructive play allows children to

experiment with objects.
It gives children a sense of accomplishment and
empowers them with control of their environment

Block Building
adalah Constructive play
Bermain blok boleh membantu pembelajaran
matematik.
Apabila kk membina blok, mereka mengumpul
pengalaman tentang bagaimana objek dapat
dihubungkan antara satu sama lain.
Blok-blok klasik dan lain-lain blok pembinaan
misalnya blok bersambungan (connecting blocks)
memberi peluang kk menerokai mengenai blok
dan bahan-bahan yang mempunyai ciri-ciri
kesamaan dan boleh diramalkan ianya sama.

3. Dramatic or Symbolic Play

Sociodramatic play
Children take on roles
they have observed in
their everyday
experiences
Playing "house"
"Bakers" making pies

Social com oonents are

added in play with
peers

Dramatic play enhances social, emotional, linguistic

and mental development with creative role playing
It supports and promotes social development,
allowing for your child to learn cooperation, sharing,
leadership, negotiation and problem-solving skills
Pretending helps children overcome fears and cope
with feelings.
Imitating, imagining and dramatizing allows children
to try out new roles and experiment with language
and emotions.

4. Games with rules

Games with rules

Usually games involve others, competition, and rules. This
type of play may appear with preschoolers, but is found
more often in elementary school children.
This type of play can build self esteem if the child is
proficient, but it can also be harmful if the child is ridiculed
or driven too hard (by parent, coach, or even peers)

Play
Bermain adalah sangat penting sehinggakan the
Komisioner
Hak Asasi Manusia di Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu
mengenalpasti bahawa bermain adalah hak kanak-kanak
(play is a right for every child.)
Semasa bermain pengetahuan dan pemahaman kanak-

kanak tentang dirinya dan orang lain, serta tentang dunia

persekitaranya meningkat.

Penyelidikan mengenai perkembangan kognitif dan minda

menunjukkan bahawa kanak-kanak kecil membina

pengetahuan baru atau membina rangkaian sinaps

(wiring
the brain) semasa bermain yang melibatkan semua deria.

High Quality Play

In high quality play children are truly engaged
This complex play helps children develop executive
functions (fungsi otak untuk membuat keputusan
dan refleksi)
High level play leads to self-regulation (pengawalan
diri)
High level play provides opportunities to develop both
individual gross and fine muscle strength.

Studies have found that the quality of play is

associated with social and linguistic competence.

Stages of Play (Mildred Parten)

Children go through five stages of play :
1. Passive on looker - babies watching objects or
people play.
2. Solitary player - children play on their own.
3. Parallel play - children play beside another
player
4. Associative play - children play in a group with
similar resources, but no shared goals or roles,
but they may be interacting with one another
5. Cooperative play - children play in team with
shared goals and roles.

NAEYC 2009: Position Statement on

Developmentally Appropriate Practice
...Play promotes key abilities that enable children to
learn successfully. In high-level dramatic play ...
the collaborative planning of roles and scenarios
and the impulse control required to stay within
the play's constraints develop children's selfregulation, symbolic thinking, memory, and
language -- capacities critical to later learning,
social competence, and school success.

Bermain sangat penting!

Ia menyumbang kepada persediaan ke sekolah:
- Ia adalah asas kepada membaca
- Asas kepada perkembangan bahasa
- Asas kepada kebolehan mengawal perasaan

BERMAIN SEBAGAI DOMAIN PERKEMBANGAN

Bermain dikaitkan dengan perkembangan

Bermain adalah perkembangan bagi kk - maka ia
boleh dianggap sebagai satu domain ^
domain perkembangan
(Play as a developmental domain)
- Domain ini meliputi semua aspek perkembangan

bahasa, sosioemosi, motor, intelek, kemahiran

urus diri, dll.

- Aktiviti bermain mengembangkan pemahaman

dan konsep tentang orang lain, objek, atau

sesuatu kejadian.

Domain
rkembangan

Motor

Bermain sebagai
aktiviti

BERMAIN
Merangsang deria
Mengembangkan kemahiran
motor kasar dan motor halus
Membantu kk membuat
keputusan
Merangsang imaginasi
Meningkatkan kemahiran
sosial dan bahasa

Bermain meningkatkan kebolehan kognitif

Better verbalization
Richer Vocabulary
Better problem solving strategies
Higher language comprehension
Better ability to take on the perspective of
another
Higher intellectual competence
Better peer cooperation

Bermain meningkatkan kemahiran

sosial dan emosi
More empathy
Better ability to take on the perspective of
others
Better control of impulsive actions
Better emotional and social adjustment
More innovation
More imaginativeness
Longer attention spans

- we need to pay attention to what children are

doing in their play to get an idea of what they
learn and know.
Children will
use play
activities to
learn new
things about
objects and
events