GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF

HOMEOSTASIS
Denny Agustiningsih
Dept. of Physiology

introduction

A person threatened by the environment (or informed of an approaching

pleasure or danger) prepares for action.

The body mobilizes reserves of energy and produces certain hormones

such as adrenalin, which prepare it for conflict or flight.

In the presence of emotion, danger, or physical effort the heart beats faster
and respiration quickens. The face turns red or pales and the body
perspires. The individual may experience shortness of breath, cold sweats,
shivering, trembling legs.

These physiological manifestations reflect the efforts of the body to maintain its
internal equilibrium (Homeostasis)

Action can be voluntary--to drink when one is thirsty, to eat when hungry, to put
on clothing when cold, to open a window when one is too warm--or involuntary-shivering, sweating.

WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS

Concept of homeostasis was

formulated by a French
Physiologist Claude Bernard in
1865
He noticed that La fixit du milieu
intrieur est la condition de la vie
libre (it is the fixity of milieu
intrieur which is the condition of
free and independent life)

From Greek words

Homeo= same
Stasis= to stand or stay
Term proposed by American
Physiologist Walter B
Cannon, 1933

What is homeostasis?

The process by which an organism maintains the

constancy of its internal environment in response to
changes in external environment
Works to maintain the organism's internal
environment within narrow range of conditions
consistent with the continuation of life
The cellular environment is a fluid one, with aqueous
(water) solutions of ions and compounds.

correct type of ions must be maintained

correct concentrations must be maintained
correct distribution of ions must be maintained

Internal components of homeostasis

Concentration of oxygen and

carbon dioxide
pH of the internal
environment
Concentration of nutrients
and waste products
Concentration of salt and
other electrolytes
Volume and pressure of
extracellular fluid

Distribusi cairan badan antar kompartemen

27%
Intercellular fluid
(11.2 litres)

67%
Intracellular fluid
(28 litres)

7%

Plasma
(2.8 litres)

Adapted from Pocock & Richards Fig 2.1

Control Mechanisms in Homeostasis

The organs and tissues which maintain homeostasis are

called control systems.
Autoregulation (local control)

Intrinsic control

when cells, tissues, organs or systems automatically change in

response to signals within themselves.
controls that generate a response to change that built into the
organ.

Extrinsic control

changes stimulated by signals from outside of the cell, organ, or system

Mediated by

Nervous system:

brain & spinal cord signals cause change;

response is rapid but short term.

Endocrine system

glands produce hormones that cause changes;

response is slower, but lasts longer

Koordinasi organ-organ

Components of a Biological
Control System

Components of Feedback Mechanisms

Stimulus:

Receptor:

The cells or tissue, usually a gland or muscles, which cause the

response to happen.

Response:

The transmission of the message, via nerves or hormones or both,

to the effector.

Effector:

The cells or tissue which detects the change due to the stimulus

Relay:

The change from ideal or resting conditions.

An action, at cell, tissue or whole organism level which would not

have occurred in the absence of the stimulus

Feedback:

The consequence of the response on the stimulus.

May be positive or negative.

Negative Feedback

Most common homeostatic feedback mechanism

Restoration of homeostasis because

responses that resists any change from normal range.

Negative feedback causes action that a value is falling too low.
Negative feedback causes action that a value is rising too high.

Values fluctuate within Set limits,

Values change from hour to hour, sometimes with regular
diurnal cycles ( circadian rhythms).
Elevated or reduced changes are corrected before they
become too extreme.
Can continue forever
Maintains homeostasis

EXAMPLE: body
temperature - Set point
= 37 C, 98.6 F
Normal limits 36.5-37.5
C, 97.7-99.5 F

Examples:
.Body Temperature Nervous System
.Blood Calcium Levels Endocrine System

When blood calcium level drops, parathyroid glands

sense that and secrete hormones that cause release
of calcium stores from bone. Blood calcium levels
return to normal, secretion stops.

Positive feedback

Rare homeostatic feedback mechanism

The response enhances the original
stimulus

Positive feedback promotes

changes that are developing, so
they become more extreme
Positive feedback causes action
that a value is falling causing it
to fall farther.
Positive feedback causes action
that a value is rising causing it
to rise higher.
Positive feedback in disease ex. Hypothalamus increases set
point. Development of a fever.
Examples:
.Hemorrhage
.Childbirth
.Lactation

Unstable system
It is used to trigger a sudden event or phenomenon
Can not continue forever, always has a limit
Does not result in homeostasis
Beneficial only in special circumstances

Example in childbirth, stretching of uterus elicits production

of hormones that stimulate contraction of uterine muscles;
this leads to more stretching of uterus, more hormone
secretion, more muscle contractions; loop is broken upon
birth of a baby

Negative feedback loops exist

on all levels

Body Core Temperature

During Exercise

Blood Pressure at Rest

Example:
Regulation of Blood Pressure

Example:
Regulation of Blood Glucose

Example:
Cellular Stress Response

Homeostatic Imbalances in
the Body

Integumentary System Burns,Cutaneous

Legions (Cold Sores, Impetigo, Psoriasis), Skin
Cancer
Skeletal System Rickets, Abnormal Spinal
Curvatures (Scoliosis,Kyphosis, Lordosis),
Osteoporosis
Muscular System Muscular Dystrophy,
Myasthenia Gravis
Nervous System Multiple Sclerosis,
Huntingtons Disease, Parkinsons Disease,
Alzheimers Disease

Endocrine System Goiter, Graves Disease,

Pituitary Dwarfism, Infertility
Cardiovascular System Pericarditis, Valvular
Stenosis, Varicose Veins, Atherosclerosis
Lymphatic System Allergies,
Immunodeficiencies (SCID, AIDS), Autoimmune
Disease (Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, etc)
Respiratory System Sinusitis, Tonsillitis,
Pleurisy, Emphysema, Bronchitis, Cystic Fibrosis

Digestive System Gallstones, Heartburn,

Gastric Ulcers
Urinary System Kidney Stones, Addisons
Disease, Polycystic Kidney Disease
Reproductive System Pelvic
Inflammatory Disease, Cervical Cancer,
Testicular Cancer