Hydrologic Cycle

23-1
Hydrologic Cycle
Surface-Atmosphere Exchange of Water
Water Cycle
Science Concepts
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Runof
Climate and Global Change Notes
23-2
Hydrologic Cycle
Change in Annual Precipitation
23-3
Hydrologic Cycle
Modeled Environmental Water Scarcity Index
Scarcity is where the amount of water removed from the system puts the
ecosystem at risk by tapping into the environmental water demand, i.e., the
amount of water needed to sustain the integrity of the ecosystem
Areas above 0.4 are under ecosystem environmental stress
Areas higher than 0.8 (orange and red) are highly-stressed environmentally
http://www.iucn.org/themes/wani/eatlas/html/gm16.html
23-4
Hydrologic Cycle
The Water Cycle
All streams
flow into the
sea, yet the
sea is never
full.
To the place
the streams
come from,
there they
return again.
Ecclesiastes
1:7 (New
International
Version)
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html
23-5
Hydrologic Cycle
Surface
Percolation
Groundwater
425
111
385
40 40
71
Flow
Return
Evaporation
Evapotranspiration
Precipitation
Vapor
RunofTransport
Flow
The
Water
Cycle
1012 m3 per year
23-6
Hydrologic Cycle
GOES Water
Vapor Image
23-7
Hydrologic Cycle
GOES Visible
Image
23-8
Hydrologic Cycle
Mean Global Precipitable Water (cm)
Annual Average
http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/browsed2
23-9
Hydrologic Cycle
Mean Global
Precipitable Water (cm)
(Cont)
Seasonal variability
S.W. Seemann, J. Li, W.P. Menzel Univ. Wisconsin, NOAA
23-10
Hydrologic Cycle
Amazon Seasonal Variability
Note seasonal rainfall variability
Amazon and Tropical seasons revolve

around wet/dry not hot/cold
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/
Study/AmazonLAI/
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
23-11
Hydrologic Cycle
90
Honolulu WSO Airport

85
Ave. Max. Temp. = 84.0F
80
QuickTime and a
75
21 20 N, 157 55 W
Elevation = 10 ft
Averages for
10/1/49-3/31/05
70
Ave. Min. Temp. = 70.2F
65
Ave Max Temp (F)
4
3
2
Nov
Dec
83.7
81
Nov
Dec
2.8
3.3
Ave. Annual
Precipitation = 20.75 in
1
0
http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/
cliMAIN.pl?hihono
Ave Precip (in)
23-12
Hydrologic Cycle
Mean January
Moisture
Dewpoint Temperature (F)

1961-1990
Relative Humidity (%)

1961-1990
http://www.nndc.noaa.gov/
cgi-bin/climaps/climaps.pl
23-13
Hydrologic Cycle
Mean July
Moisture
Dewpoint Temperature (F)

1961-1990
Relative Humidity (%)

1961-1990
23-14
Hydrologic Cycle
Average Dewpoint Temperature (F) (1960-1990)
January
July
Annual
23-15
Hydrologic Cycle
July Dewpoint Temperature & Diurnal
Temperature Range (F)
Dewpoint Temperature
Diurnal Temperature
Range
23-16
Hydrologic Cycle
Average Relative Humidity (1960-1990)
January
July
Annual
23-17
Hydrologic Cycle
http://www.meted.ucar.edu/
Average Annual Precipitation (1961-1990)

broadcastmet/watershed/media/
Annual
graphics/unit_6/nat_atlas_precip.jpg
23-18
Hydrologic Cycle
Surface-Atmosphere Exchange of Water (Cont) Science Concepts
Saturation Processes
Increase Vapor
Cooling
Lifting
Mixing
Radiational Cooling
Dry Adiabatic & Moist Adiabatic

Process
Condensation Types
Dew/Frost
Fog
Haze
Cloud Droplets
23-19
Clouds and Precipitation

Atmospheric Saturation Processes
Add moisture - Infrequent (Steam Fog)
Cool to dewpoint temperature - Usual process

-
Lifting
Mixing
Radiation
23-20

Cloud Formation
Condensation process
-
Condensation nuclei
>
What are they?
>
I am not sure how clouds

get formed. But the clouds
know how to do it, and that
is the important thing.
What is their distribution?
Sea salt
Combustion products - smoke
Dust - Clay from plowed fields
Science quotes of 5th and

6th graders -
Decrease with height - For Example: 0.1 as many at 3,000 ft as

at surface; 0.01 as many at 14,000 ft as at surface
More over cities than country
More over land than ocean - More giant nuclei over oceans
Hygroscopic nuclei - Begin to attract water vapor at RHs as low as 70%

>
What are they?
Sea salt - Most common
23-21

Types of Condensate
Dew
-
Caused by radiational cooling of a surface to the

dewpoint temperature of
the air
Typical conditions
>
>
>
Science quotes of
5th and 6th
graders Dew is formed on
leaves when the
sun shines down
on them and
makes them
perspire.
Clear skies
Calm winds (little mixing)
Nighttime
Dewpoint temperature above 32F
23-22

Types of Condensate (Cont)
Frost
-
Caused by radiational cooling of a surface to the dewpoint temperature of

the air
Typical conditions
>
>
>
Clear skies
Calm winds (little mixing)
Nighttime
Dewpoint temperature below 32F
Quote
Teg weather report on the car radio had predicted a low of 35 degrees, and Pittmen
believed it, seeing frost come out of his mouth.
David Morrell, "Desperate Measures" (p. 295)
What is wrong with this statement?
23-23

In order to save the army during the
Revolutionary War Washington retreated from
Long Island overnight on Aug. 29, 1776. By
Fog
sunrise on the 30th not all the troops had
Defined as a cloud on the ground been ferried across the river to the NY side.
However, a heavy fog had settled over the
Caused by
river so they could continue to cross without
being observed by the British troops and war
> Cooling of the air to its
dewpoint temperature
ships. Within an hour after the boats had
carried the last of the 9,000 troops safely
Most common cause
across, the wind shifted and the fog
Types of cooling fog
dispersed. Fog had helped save the army.
Radiation fog
Advection fog
1776, David McCullough, pp. 186-191
>
Evaporation of enough water to saturate the atmosphere
Upslope fog
Least frequent cause

Types of evaporation fog
Steam fog
Warm-rain fog
Dissipation (burns-of) by solar heating the surrounding ground; causes

mixing at edges
23-24

Radiation and
Valley Fog
Alabama
Rivers
Note contrails
Bright yellow is fog
Valley fog
AVHRR Satellite - 4 November 1999

- Color enhanced (Visible,
near infrared (~1 micron),
infrared (~3.7 micron)
23-25

Haze
-
Caused by particles (large) that scatter all wavelengths of light equally
Increases as RH becomes greater than 70% because of hygroscopic nuclei
Cloud droplets
-
Cooling of the air aloft to its dewpoint temperature
23-26
Hydrologic Cycle
Precipitation Physics (Cont)
Cloud Growth Processes
Droplet Multiplication
Cascade Efect
Surface Tension
Solute Efect
Curvature Efect
23-27

Science quotes
of 5th and 6th
graders -
Cloud Droplet Growth Processes
Solute efect - Solution of water and nuclei material

-
Helps droplet grow
Decreases as droplet becomes larger
Larger condensation nuclei, larger this efect. Thus,

larger nuclei grow larger droplets
Curvature efect - Caused by surface tension around droplet

-
Hinders droplet grow
Decreases as droplet becomes larger
To most people
solutions mean
finding the
answers. But to
chemists
solutions are
things that are
still all mixed up.
Cloud Droplet Multiplication Process
Cascade efect - Large drops break into several smaller drops

23-28
Hydrologic Cycle
Precipitation Physics (Cont)
Rain Drop Formation
Collision and Coalescence Process
Bergeron Process
Precipitation Types
Terminal Velocity
Gravitational Force
Drag Force
Pressure Gradient Force
Supercooled Water
Saturation Over Water Ice
23-29

Forces on a Falling Object
Terminal velocity ~120 mph
http://cyberbuzz.gatech.edu/skydive/photos/othermisc/
http://www.fcsurplus.ca/army/300745b.gif
23-30

Forces on a Cloud or Rain Drop
Drag Force => Depends on square of Velocity and Shape of Drop
Pressure Gradient Force => Depends on Volume of Drop
Gravitational Force => Depends on the Mass of the Drop
D = Cd A V2 / 2
D = Drag force
Cd = Drag coefficient
(usually determined
experimentally)
= Density of fluid (air)
A = Reference area
(includes shape, etc.)
V = Velocity
Drag
Force
Pressure
Gradient
Force
Cloud
or
Rain Drop
Gravitational
Force
23-31

Atmospheric Particles
Name
Large Ions
Smoke and Dust
Large Condensation Nuclei
Giant Condensation Nuclei
Cloud Droplets
Rain Drops
Diameter (cm)
10-6 to 10-5
10-5 to 10-4
10-5 to 10-4
10-4 to 10-2
10-4 to 10-2
10-2 to 1
# per cm3
103 to 104
variable
102
1
23-32

Particle Terminal Velocities
Particle Type
Condensation Nuclei
Diameter (cm)
2 X 10-5
m/s
1 X 10-7
mph
2 X 10-7
Small Cloud Droplets
1 X 10-5
3 X 10-3
Typical Cloud Droplets
2 X 10-3
1 X 10-2
2 X 10-2
Large Cloud Droplets
10-2
0.27
0.18
Small Rain Drops
0.1
4.0
8.9
Typical Rain Drops
0.2
6.5
14.6
Large Rain Drops
0.5
9.0
20.1
23-33

Did you know -
Raindrop Growth Process
Raindrop 100 times larger diameter than cloud drop;

1,000,000 time larger volume
How does this tremendous growth occur?

-
Coalescence process - Warm clouds

>
Terminal velocity
Gravitational force
Pressure gradient force
Drag force
>
Large drops fall faster than smaller drops
>
Large drops collect smaller drops
Houses used to have

thatched roofs - thick
straw, piled high, with no
wood underneath.
Because it was the a

place animals could get
warm, cats and other
small animals (mice,
bugs) lived in the roof.
When it rained, the thatch
became slippery and
sometimes the animals
would slip of the roof.
Hence, the saying "It's
raining cats and dogs."
23-34

Raindrop Growth Process (Cont)
Raindrop 100 times larger diameter than cloud drop; 1,000,000 time larger
volume (Cont)
How does this tremendous growth occur? (Cont)

-
Bergeron-Findeisen or ice process - Cold clouds

>
Freezing nuclei
Not enough in the atmosphere

Pure water may not turn to ice until -40C
>
Between 0C and -40C, cloud is mixture of ice and liquid. At

temperatures below (i.e., heights above) -40C, cloud is all ice.
>
Ice crystals grow at expense of liquid drops

23-35

Comparison of Maritime and Continental Rain
Clouds
Maritime
Continental
Number of Nuclei
940 cm-3
9500 cm-3
Droplet Concentration
50 cm-3
200 cm-3
17 x 10-6 m
11 x 10-6 m
Median Droplet Diameter
23-36

Precipitation Classification
Drizzle
-
Intermittent or Continuous Precipitation

-
Small, numerous drops falling out of fog or low layer stratus clouds
Indicative of stable stratification with little vertical motion
Rain or snow
Falling more or less evenly from altostratus or nimbostratus clouds
Caused by widespread and slow upward movement of large masses of air
Showers (Squalls, Flurries)

-
Precipitation with short duration with fair intervals

Caused by cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds, i.e, convection
Indicative of unstable stratification with fairly strong upward vertical
motion in localized regions
23-37

Types of Precipitation
Virgae
-
Rain that evaporates below cloud

base, but before reaching the ground
Rain
-
Lower atmosphere above freezing

Drops large enough to fall relative to
air motions
http://www.ucar.edu/imagelibrary/1600-1650.html
http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/spokane/
042700/tstms.htm
23-38

Freezing Rain
-
Ground at 0C or colder
Very shallow layer of air near the ground
at near 0C or colder
Layer of air above this shallow layer at
temperatures above 0C
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lzk/html/win121300.htm
QuickTime and a
http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/
(Gh)/guides/mtr/cld/prcp/zr/frz.rxml
23-39

Sleet, Grauple, Ice Pellets

-
Clear ice drops

Precipitation is in the form of liquid
drops at sometime as it falls
Deeper layer of air above the ground
at 0C or colder
Layer of air above this deeper layer at
temperatures above 0C
QuickTime and a
(Gh)/guides/mtr/cld/prcp/slt.rxm
l
23-40

Science quotes of 5th and 6th graders -
Types of Precipitation (Cont)
A blizzard is when it snows sideways.
Snow
Opaque ice crystals or flakes
Crystals form at temperatures below 0C
by the process of deposition
No liquid phase
Ground at or near 0C or colder
Layer of air above the ground at
temperatures below 0C
QuickTime and a
(Gh)/guides/mtr/cld/prcp/snow.rxml
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s592b.htm
http://www.ucar.edu/imagelibrary/
1100-1133.html
23-41

Types of Precipitation (Cont)
Hail
-
Large balls or lumps of ice

Often formed of concentric
rings of clear
and opaque ice
Formed in clouds with strong
updrafts, i.e., convective
clouds
http://www.eas.slu.edu/Photos/
hail.html
Record Hail Stone - 7 diameter,

18.75 circumference fell in
Aurora, NE, 22 June 2003
http://www.ucar.edu/imagelibrary/
1134-1166.html

Hydrologic Cycle

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23-1

Climate and Global Change Notes

Climate and Global Change Notes

Climate and Global Change Notes

Climate and Global Change Notes

1012 m3 per year

Climate and Global Change Notes

Climate and Global Change Notes

Climate and Global Change Notes

Climate and Global Change Notes

S.W. Seemann, J. Li, W.P. Menzel Univ. Wisconsin, NOAA

Climate and Global Change Notes

Note seasonal rainfall variability

Amazon and Tropical seasons revolve

Climate and Global Change Notes

Honolulu WSO Airport

Ave. Max. Temp. = 84.0F

Ave. Min. Temp. = 70.2F

Ave Precip (in)

Climate and Global Change Notes

Dewpoint Temperature (F)

Relative Humidity (%)

Climate and Global Change Notes

Dewpoint Temperature (F)

Relative Humidity (%)

Climate and Global Change Notes

Climate and Global Change Notes

Climate and Global Change Notes

Climate and Global Change Notes

Average Annual Precipitation (1961-1990)

Climate and Global Change Notes

Dry Adiabatic & Moist Adiabatic

Climate and Global Change Notes

Clouds and Precipitation

Add moisture - Infrequent (Steam Fog)

Cool to dewpoint temperature - Usual process

Climate and Global Change Notes

Clouds and Precipitation

What are they?

I am not sure how clouds

What is their distribution?

Science quotes of 5th and

Decrease with height - For Example: 0.1 as many at 3,000 ft as

Hygroscopic nuclei - Begin to attract water vapor at RHs as low as 70%

What are they?

Sea salt - Most common

Climate and Global Change Notes

Clouds and Precipitation

Caused by radiational cooling of a surface to the

Dewpoint temperature above 32F

Climate and Global Change Notes

Clouds and Precipitation

Caused by radiational cooling of a surface to the dewpoint temperature of

Dewpoint temperature below 32F

Clouds and Precipitation

Evaporation of enough water to saturate the atmosphere

Least frequent cause

Dissipation (burns-of) by solar heating the surrounding ground; causes

Clouds and Precipitation

AVHRR Satellite - 4 November 1999

Climate and Global Change Notes

Clouds and Precipitation

Caused by particles (large) that scatter all wavelengths of light equally

Increases as RH becomes greater than 70% because of hygroscopic nuclei