MEASUREMENT OF

VERTICAL DISTANCES

LEVELING RODS
Is a graduated rod which is used for
measuring the vertical distance
between the line of sight through a
leveling instrument and the point
whose elevation is either required or
known.
Made of wood, fiber-glass or metal.
Have graduations in meters and
decimals.

TYPES OF LEVELING RODS

1. Self-reading Rods. It can be read
directly by the instrumentman.
2. Target Rod. This type of rod has a
sliding target which is set and read
by a rodman at the position selected
by the instrumentman.

OTHER TYPES OF ROD

Rods Named After Cities or States.
Leveling rods named after cities or states
include the Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago,
Florida, Boston, New York, Troy, and San
Francisco rods.
The Philadelphia Rod. Is a combination selfreading and target rod and is the commonly
used type of rod.
The Chicago Rod. Comes in three sliding
sections and usually extends to either three or
four meters.

 Rod Ribbons. This is an improvised type

of
rod used in leveling work.
Precise Rod. Is a form of rod ribbon
which uses a graduated invar strip
permanently fastened to a four-meter
long wooden or metal frame.
Geodetic Rod. This rod is similar to a
precise rod except that a nilvar metal
strip is used instead of invar.
Tape Rod. Also known as automatic rod.
It is used advantageously when numerous
elevations are to be determined from a
single-up of the leveling instrument.

ROD LEVEL
The rod level is a device used for fast
and correct plumbing of a leveling
rod.

TARGETS
A target is a small device attached to
the rod when extremely long sights
make direct reading of the rod
difficult or impossible.Rectangular
Opening
Clam
p

White
Painted
Quadrant

Vernie
r

Red
Painted
Quadrant

Leveli
ng
Rod

TELESCOPE
The telescope of a surveying
instrument is a metal tube containing
a system of lenses which are used to
fix the direction of the line of sight
and in magnifying the apparent size
of objects in its field of view.

PARTS OF THE TELESCOPE

1. Objective Lens. It allows light rays to enter the
telescope and form an image of the object
sighted within its field of view
2. Eye Piece. Used to enlarge altogether the image
and the cross hairs.
3. Cross Hairs. Used to define the instruments
line of sight.

MAGNIFICATION
The magnification of a telescope is
the ratio of the apparent size of an
object viewed through a telescope to
its size as seen by the unaided eye
from the same distance.

LEVEL VIAL
Is a graduated glass tube containing
some amount of liquid and a small
air bubble. It is used to determine
Glass
the direction of gravity.Sealed
Tube
Adjusti
ng
Screw

Air
Bubble

(graduated)

Adjusti
ng
Screw
Protective
Metal
Housing

COINCIDENCE BUBBLE
This type of bubble is used on most
modern and precise instruments
such as the tilting and automatic
levels.

TRIPODS
Tripods serve as base to prevent
movement of the instrument after it
is set up.
Two types of tripod are used with a
leveling instrument, the fixed leg (or
high) tripod and extension tripod.