Polynomi

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1.INTRODUCTION
2.GEOMETRICAL
MEANING OF
ZEROES OF THE
POLYNOMIAL
3.RELATION
BETWEEN ZEROES
AND COEFFICIENTS
OF A POLYNOMIAL
4.DIVISION
ALGORITHM FOR
POLYNOMIAL
5.SUMMARY

5
=
x
3
2 +
x
2

4y
0

x3 3
x2 +
x +1
=0

2x

+3

9
=
x

9x 2 +

y
4
-

=
8
+
y
+5

9y +
8 =0

In mathematics, a polynomial is an
expression of finite length
constructed from variables and
constants, using only the operations
of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and non-negative,
whole-number exponents. Polynomials
appear in a wide variety of areas of
mathematics and science. For
example, they are used to form
polynomial equations, which encode a
wide range of problems, from
elementary word problems to
complicated problems in the sciences;
they are used to define polynomial
functions, which appear in settings
ranging from basic chemistry and
physics to economics and social
science; they are used in calculus and
numerical analysis to approximate
other functions.

Let x be a variable n, be a positive integer

and as, a1,a2,.an be constants (real nos.)
Then, f(x) = anxn+ an-1xn-1+.+a1x+xo
anxn,an-1xn-1,.a1x and ao are known as the
terms of the polynomial.
an,an-1,an-2,.a1 and ao are their coefficients.
For example:
p(x) = 3x 2 is a polynomial in variable x.
q(x) = 3y2 2y + 4 is a polynomial in variable y.
f(u) = 1/2u3 3u2 + 2u 4 is a polynomial in variable u.
NOTE:
NOTE 2x2 3x + 5, 1/x2 2x +5 , 2x3 3/x +4 are not polynomials.

The exponent of the highest degree term in a polynomial is

known as its degree.
For example:
f(x) = 3x + is a polynomial in the
variable x of degree 1.
g(y) = 2y2 3/2y + 7 is a polynomial
in the variable y of degree 2.
p(x) = 5x3 3x2 + x 1/2 is a
polynomial in the variable x of degree 3.
q(u) = 9u5 2/3u4 + u2 is a
polynomial in the variable u of degree 5.

For example:
f(x) = 7, g(x) = -3/2, h(x) = 2
are constant polynomials.
The degree of constant
polynomials is not defined.
For example:
p(x) = 4x 3, q(x) =
3y are linear polynomials.
Any linear polynomial is
in the form ax + b,
where a, b are real nos.
and a 0.
It may be a monomial or a binomial. F(x) = 2x 3
is binomial whereas g (x) = 7x is monomial.

 A polynomial of degree two is

called a quadratic polynomial.
f(x) = 3x2 4/3x + , q(w) =
2/3w2 + 4 are quadratic
polynomials with real
coefficients.
Any quadratic is always in the
form f(x) = ax2 + bx +c where
a,b,c are real nos. and a 0.

A polynomial of degree three

is called a cubic polynomial.
f(x) = 9/5x3 2x2 + 7/3x _1/5 is
a cubic polynomial in variable
x.
Any cubic polynomial is
always in the form f(x = ax3 +
bx2 +cx + d where a,b,c,d are
real nos.

Value of f(x) at x = 1
If f(x) is a polynomial
and y is any real no.
then real no. obtained
by replacing x by y in
f(x) is called the value
of f(x) at x = y and is
denoted by f(x).

f(x) = 2x2 3x 2
f(1) = 2(1)2 3 x 1 2
=232
= -3

Zero of the polynomial

f(x) = x2 + 7x +12
f(x) = 0
x2 + 7x + 12 = 0
(x + 4) (x + 3) = 0
x + 4 = 0 or, x + 3 = 0
x = -4 , -3

A real no. x is a zero of

the polynomial f(x),is
f(x) = 0
Finding a zero of the
polynomial means
solving polynomial
equation f(x) = 0.

GENERAL SHAPES OF
POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
f(x) = 3

CONSTANT
FUNCTION
DEGREE = 0
MAX. ZEROES = 0

GENERAL SHAPES OF
POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
f(x) = x + 2

LINEAR FUNCTION
DEGREE =1
MAX. ZEROES = 1

GENERAL SHAPES OF
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
f(x) = x2 + 3x + 2
QUADRATIC
FUNCTION
DEGREE = 2
MAX. ZEROES = 2

GENERAL SHAPES OF
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + 2
CUBIC FUNCTION
DEGREE = 3
MAX. ZEROES = 3

B/ W

ZE
RO
ES

IC
T
RA
D
A
QU

A + B = - coefficient of

Coefficient of x2
= - b
a
AB

= constant term
Coefficient of x2
= c
a

AN

DC
OE
FF
IC

IEN

TS
OF

IC
B
CU

A + B + C = -Coefficient of x2
Coefficient of x3

AB + BC + CA = Coefficient of x
c
Coefficient of x3
ABC = - Constant term
Coefficient of x3

= d
a

-b
a
=
a

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If f(x) and g(x)

are any two
polynomials with
g(x) 0,then we
can always find
polynomials q(x),
and r(x) such that
:
F(x) = q(x) g(x) +
r(x),
Where r(x) = 0 or
degree r(x) <
degree g(x)

ON VERYFYING THE
DIVISION ALGORITHM
FOR POLYNOMIALS.
ON FINDING THE QUOTIENT
AND REMAINDER USING
DIVISION ALGORITHM.

ON CHECKING WHETHER A
GIVEN POLYNOMIAL IS A
FACTOR OF THE OTHER
POLYNIMIAL BY APPLYING
THEDIVISION ALGORITHM
ON FINDING THE REMAINING
ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL
WHEN SOME OF ITS ZEROES
ARE GIVEN.