Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FirstEdition,2009
CHAPTER 1
PUMPS
CHAPTER 2
HYDRAULIC TURBINES
CHAPTER 3
FANS AND BLOWERS
CHAPTER 4
AIR COMPRESSORS
CHAPTER 1
PUMPS
Pumps rank next to electric motors as the most generally used industrial equipment.
Anythingthatflowsisbeingpumped.
Thepurposeofpumpistomoveaquantityofliquid(saywater)againstapressure.
Foranypump:
Bhpcalculated=
Whp,
(primemover) pumpefficiency
thenchoosethenearestgreatervaluethan
astd.size thantheBhpcalculated
orpowerinputtopump
inKw=waterpower,Kw
pumpefficiency
also,powerinput
todriveinkw=waterpower,Kw
combinedmotorpumpeff.
= gal/min.
ft
1
3960 ft-gal.
hp-min.
eqn. 1
eqn. 2
.
3960 fthpeqn. 3
similarly,
Waterpower,Kw=(Qinliters/sec)(TDHinm.)[(w=62.4lbs/ft 3)(3.28ft/1m)
x 1kgx1kw-secx1m3x3.28ftx2.2lbs
2.2lbs737.562ft-lbs103liters1m1kg
(QinLPS)(TDHinm)(w=1000kg/m3)eqn.4
102kgliter/kw-sec-m2
andwaterpower,kw=9.8(Qincm3/sec)(TDHinm)(winkg/m3)eqn.5
where:
CFM-------------------------------------ft3/min.
GPM------------Pump-----------------gals/min
Q-----------------Capacity--------------gals/min
LPS--------------Discharge-------------liters/sec
CMS-----------------in--------------------m3/sec
Htotaldynamic----------------ft.ofH2O
Headoratspecified
density
TDHheadin------------------------mofH2O
Atstandardconditionandorordinarytemperatures:
1gallon=8.33lbs
1ft3=62.4lbs
2.31ft.=1psi(lbpersq.in,)
NOTE:theseconstantshouldnotbeusedinHOTWATERunlessthedensity
errorcan
becountenanced.
Sp.gr.ofH2O=1atstd,cond.
W ----whichisthedensityofH2Oinlbs/ft3is
w=1/vffromsteamtables
atstd.condition,w=62.4lbs/ft3
other conversions;
33,000ft lb = 1hp-min
7.48 gal.
= 1ft3
3960 ft gal. = 1hp-min
9.8 kw-sec
= 1kg-m
1 hp
= 0.746kw
1 m3/sec
= 631.666x10-7 GPM
1 li/sec
= 631.666x10-4 GPM
DeterminationofTDHORH:
I.ByBernoullisequation:
...
P2 V2
P1 V1
Z 2 hl 1 2
Z1 TDH
w 2g
w 2g
P P V V1
TDH 2 1 2
Z 2 Z1 hfl1 2
2g
2w
Where:Z1---isnegative(-)iftheliquidtobepumpedisbelowthecenterline
ofthepump.
Ud 2 Vs 2
TDH ( Hd Hs )
2g
. ..
P2 P1 V2 V12
H
W
2g
d
Z 2 Z1 hf1 hf 2
Where:
H-------totaldynamicheaddevelopedbythepump;ft.orm.ofH2O
P2&P1---pressureheadsdevelopedatdischargeandsuctionpipes;ft.w
w
orm.
V22/2g&V12/2g---velocityheadsatpoints1&2
--- Heights thru which a body must fall in a vacuum to
require the velocities with which the water flows into the
pipe.
Hfl1- 2 ----frictionheadwhichisduetofrictionalresistancetoflowinsidethe
pipe
fromsuctionat1todischargeat2.
Also,fromQ=Av
Where:V1---velocityofwater/liquidatpt.1/suction
V2---velocityofwater/liquidatpt.2/discharge
Qwaterfloworpumpcapacity
d1&d2---diametersofsuction&dischargepipes;resp.
PUMPOPERATIONHEAD=TOTALDYNAMICHEAD(TDH,HT&H)
--isthealgebraicdifferenceofdischarge&suctionheads.
NETPOSITIVESUCTIONHEAD(NPSH)isthedynamicpressureoftheliquid
at pumps suction (psi) ; less the saturation pressure corresponding to the
temp.atthesamepointconvertedtoft.headoftheliquid.
STATICHEADistheheightofthesurfaceofthewaterabovethegaugept.
PRESSURE HEAD is the static head plus gauge pressure on the water
surfaceplusfrictionhead.
Sample Problem I:
P2=240psig
htd=51
P
P1 = 20
psig
Source
Hd 501
240
hld
62.4
Hs 20
20144
hls
62.4
hls =
21
I.Solution:
TDH=HdHs+(hls+hld)
But:
144
Hd 501 240
604.4 ft.
62.4
lbs 144in.2
Hs 20 20 2 x
in
ft.2
1
62.4lb / ft 3
144
20
0 20 TDH
62
.
4
144
240
0 50 (2 5)
62
.
4
=-20+20(2.31)
=62.2ft.
TGH=604.426.2+2+5
=585.2ft.
II.Solution
2
P1 V1
Z1 TDH
w 2g
2
P2 V2
Z 2 hl 1 2
w 2g
62.2 TDH 611.4
SampleProblem#2
Waterfromariveristobepumpedonahill120mabove.Theflowis
3000in3/hr.andthetankwillbemaintainedatapressureof140Kpa.The
friction head is estimated at 4m. find a total dynamic head the water hp
developed.
Solution:
ByBernoullisEquation:
P2 140 kpa
Q = 3000
m3/hr
hf2
Z2
c
1
Z1
river
P1
V
P
V2
1 Z1 h f H 2
Z2 hf 2
Wd 2 g
Wd
2g
OR
P2 P1
Wd
V2 V1
2g
Z 2 Z1 hf1 hf 2
Where:
Subscripts1or2refertothesuctionanddischargepoints,receptivity.
H=pumpheadortotaldynamichead
P1&P2=pressuresatsuction&discharge
V1&V2=velocityatsuction&discharge
Wd=densityofwateratstd.,and1000kg/m3=62.4lbs/ff3
OR
Wd 1000kgm3 x9,8066
N
KN
x
kg 100 N
=9,8066KN/m3
b)WaterHp=Q.H.Wd
(3000m3 / br )(138.28m)(1000kg / m3 4.1484 X 108
1kg
Sec 746 N m
274,040.81
x3600
x
9.N
hr Sec hp
V2isneglible0
V1is180neglible0
P1=0(nogagepressure)
Hp=1,513.8say1,514hp
P2=140kpg
Z2Z1=120m(given)
Therefore;
a).
P
H 2 Z 2 Z1 hf1 hf 2
Wd
140kpa
1000 Pa
1kpa
1000 kg x 9.8 N
kg
m3
H 138.28m
N / m2
Pa
AlternativeSolution:
a)HT=HdHs+hf1-2
but:
140 KN / m 2
Hd (120m Z1 ) 140kpa
Wd 9.8 KN / m 3
Hs=-Z1
HT=120Z1(-Z1)+14.28+4
HT=138.28m
b)WaterHp=Q.HWd
(3000m 3 / hr )(138.28m)(1000k 8 / m 3
(1)(3600)(746)
9.8
1,514hp
Part#3].
Apumpdelivery0.316cu.m.ofwaterpersecondatstd.Conditionhasa406mmdiametersuctionpipeanda356-mmdischargepipe.Thesuctiongage
located8cmbelowthepumpscenterlinereads127mmofHg.Thedischarge
gagewhichis46cmabovethepumpscenterlinereads73kpa.FIND:
a).Theheadofthepump;
b).ThepowerdevelopedtotheliquidinHp&Kw.
P = 73 kpa
2
Solution:
d = 356mm
P = 127 mm
Hg
P
s = 406mm
1
Vacuum
SolutionI:
a).
but:
Ud 2 Vs 2
TDH Hd Hs
2g
Hs-
Vs1
&hfl
isafunctionofP1,Z1&
2g
Hs=-8cm
1m
1000 KPa
KN / m 2
127 mmHg x
x
7,500.62mmHg
KPa
100cm
w 9.8066 KN / m 3
2
V1
0.316m3 / Sec / 0.406m
1
.
806
m
=-1.806=0.05 2 g
2 9.81m / Sec 2
2 2
=1.756
HdisafunctionofP2,Z2,
&hfl2
TDH=7.9691.756=9.725MAns.+
Vd 2
46
KN / m 2
Hd
m 73KPa x
100
KPa
2g
9.725m
9.8066 KN / m 3
0.316 / 0.356
V
7.904m 2
2g
2 9.81
2
2 2
7.96909m
V2
2g
b.1).
3
3.28 ft 62.4lbs
3.28 ft 60 sec
TDH 9.775m x
0.316m / sec x
m
ft 3
m min
Whp
33,000 ft lbs / hp min
40.56hp
1gal / min
3
0
.
316
m
/
sec
x
3
0.0000631666m / sec
Whp
3960
m
TDH 9.725 x
3.28 ft
1
m
40.56hp
b.2).
0.716 Kw
x
30.26
Waterpower,Kw=40.56hp
hp
SolutionII:ByBernoullisegn;
2
2
P2 P1 V2 V1
TDH
Z Z hfl
KN / m 2
73
Kp
x
a
Kpa
2w
2g
2g
1 2
1000 Kpa
1KN / m 2
127mmH g x
x
7500.62mmH g
KPa
w 9.8KN / m3 g
1000kg 9.8 N KN
x
x
m3
kg 103 N
0.316m
II 356m
4 1000
0.316
II 406
4 1000
9.725m Ans.
2 9.81 m
46 8
0
sec 100
2
Problem#4
Note: SpecificvolumeofH20@600C=1.0172x103m3/kg
Determine:
a)Thewaterhp
b)Hepumpeff.
c)Thecombinedmotorpumpeff.
Solution:
a)Waterpower=(9.007)(M3/3)(TDH)(d)
but:Q=flowrate=40L/s
1m 3
x
0.040m 3 / s
1000 L
Q = 40 L/s at 600C
P P
TDH 2 1 Z
V2 2 V12
hf1 2
2 Z1
2
g
P1=
55.8
150mm
mm Hg
vac.
Where:P2=dischargepressurehead
1000 Pa
1050 Kpa
-3m3/
(sp.Vol.ofH20at600C=1.0152x10
1KPa
kg
760 mm Hg
105.8m
atm
105mm
P1=suctionpressurehead
3
3
101.325 KPa
Pa 1.0180 x10 m kg
x1000
x
55.8mmHg.vac. x
atm.
KPa
9.807 N
Kg
760mm Hg
0.758m
atm
Z1 Z1 1.25m
V2=fluidvelocityindischargepipe
V1=fluidvelocityinsuctionpipe
0.040m 3
Q
s
2
Ad II 105 0.008564m 2
m
4 1000 0.00866m 2
4.619 m
s
2
V2
4.619 m
s
2g
1.088m
3
(2) 9.807 m
s2
As
0.040
150
4 1000
2.264 m
0.01767
2,264 0.261m
V1
2 g 2 9.807
2
Hf1-2=0=none=friction&otherlossesinpipes.
TDH 108.635m
Hs=-Z155.8mmHg.vac.
3
N 2 1.0172 x10 3 m
1000
101.325 KPa
kg
m x
x
x
atm
KPa
9.807 N
Kg
760mm Hg
atm
Z1 0.758m
Hd 1.25 Z1 1050 KPa x
1000 N
KPa
m2 x
9.807 kg m
1.25 Z1 105.8m
sec 2
kg
kg
V V1
H T Hd Hs 2
to
2g
0.040
105 2
4 1000
2.264
2 9.807 m
sec 2
HT=______________108.635m
Waterpower=(9.807)(0.040)(108.635)
41.89 KW
b).Pumpeff.=
d = density of H20 at
600C
= 1/vf = 983 kg/m3
Ans
Water power
OR power input to pump =
Pump eff.
Power in put to pump
Water power
but:Powerinputtopump=poweroutputofmotor=70.5KW
Peff
41.89
x100% 59.4%
70.5
c).Motoreff.=
70.5
82.26%
85.7
Ek=combinedmotorpupmeff.=pumpeff.xmotoreff.=0.594x0.82%
SampleProblem#5
Acentrifugalpumpdelivers230m 3/hrofwaterfromasource5mbelowthe
pumptoapressuretankwhosepressureis3.0 kg/cm2.Frictionlossestimate
are2minthesuctionline&1minthedischargeline.Thediameterofthe
suctionis275mmandthedischargeis200mm.
Find:
a).Thetotaldynamichead,HT
b).Thewaterhp
c).TheKWratingofthedrivingmotorassumingpumpeff.Of75%.
3.00
hf
2
P
Pressure tank
S
1
2
2
Pd Ps Vd Vs
HT
2g
Wd
Zd Zs hf
but:
/an2
Pressure tank
d
a)
kg
300kg 100cm
Pd
x
cm 2
m2
30,000 kg
m2
Problem # 3
Boilerpressure
=
450psig
Pressureatsuction
=
15psig
Dischargelinepressuredrop
=
80psig
Pumpeff.
=
82%
Waterflow
=
50,000lbs/hr.
Watertemp.
=
210of
Boilerwaterlevelis25ft.abovepumpcenterline.
Neglectthevelocityhead.
P2 = 450 psig
Water level
Broiler
Steam
Turbine
25
Dp = hL1-2 = 80 psig
Condenser
P1 = 15 psig
O.H.
Broiler feed
pump
gal.
min
Whp=(CAPACITYin)TDHinft.
=(GPM)(TDH)(sp.gr.OfH20)
3960
ft gal
hp min
11
pump
Conley
safe
pump
Bhp
(prime
mover)
Bhp
(prime
mover)
Whp
Pump eff.
(Q in gal. / min) (TDH in ft) (sp. Gr. @ water
tag.)
ft gal.
3960
x Pump
hp min
eff.
2
V V1
TDH Hd Hs 2
hLf12 DP
2g
But:
Hd 25'450
Where:
62.4
lb
in 2 2
144
x
ft
in 2 g
lb
0
sp
.
gr
.
@
210
F 0.96
x
3
ft
15 2.31
36.09 ft.
0.96
80 2.31
AP
192.5 ft.
0.96
Hs
hf1 2
1264.22 ft
ft lb
33,000
x0.82
hp min
0.96
30.65hp
FactorseffectingTDH:
1.)Teryp.ofH20pumped
2.)frictionalongsuction&dischargelines
3.)Attitudeaboveorbelowsealevel.
4.)Conditionsw/respectto:
a)typeofimpeller
b)piston
c)values
hence;TDH=HdHs+
V2 V1
2g
P P
V V1
2 1 Z 2 Z1 2
hf1 hf 2
PW
2g
Problem#7
ft 3
Q=40CFM= 40
min
suction=30ft.
discharge=150ft.=(st.pipe)
P2 = 240 psig
Pipematerialiscoststeel
suctionpipe=4
discharge=3
Determine:
Totaldynamichead(TDH)
Sourc
e
P1 = 50 psig
Solution:
But:
Vd 2 Vs 2
TDH Hd Hs
2g
lbs 144in 2
2
Hd 50'240 2 x
Ld Vd
2
hLd f
in
ft
Dd
2
g
62.4 lbs 3
ft
144
Ls Vs
Hs 10'50
20 hLs f
Ds
2
g
62.4
hL f
L
100
Where:ffrictionfactor
LLengthofpipe+st.pipeequivalentforvalues/fittings
Where:
3
Q
40 ft min
0 elbowst.pipeequivalent]=
s=suctionpipe+st.pipeequivalentofone4pipe90
Vd
30.58 ft
2
sec
Ad
2
1144;1-900elboworstd.elbow,tableIIIA,p,317,pumpsbykristals=30+11=41ft.
ft
4 12
9.336 ft
hLs f
100 100 ft
Ls 41 ft . 4.108 ft.
ft3
ft 3 7.48 gal
Q 40
40
x
299.2
min
min
1 ft
4 pipe
if Q = 275 GPM
299
.2
300
100
GPM
7.99 ft.
x
=?
9.3
8ft.
32.3
38
40 ft 3
sec
Q
60
Vs
13.581 ft
2
sec
As
3
0
.
049088
0elbow
=dischargepipe+st.pipeequivalentofA390
4 12
d
=150+5=st.pipeequivalenttoa900elbowtoa2pipe
d
=155ft.
HLd=155
f/100=37.8176100=58.617ft.
Substitutingvaluesinequivalent(II),wehave;
581.625 ft .
PIPEFRICTIONEQUATION
I.Forsmooth&roughwallconduits:
L
hL f . Darcy weisbach
n-2
Where:ffrictionfactor(dimensionless)f=4Cf=8kR
D
equation
Cf.Coefficient
K..dimensionlessnumber
R..radiusofthepipe
L..distancebetweensectionsoftheconduit
D..diameteroftheconduit
V..velocityofthefluid
hLlossofheadinfriction
..frictionlossintheconduitfrom(1)to(2)
FORSUCTIONPIPE
Ls Vs 2
hLs f
Ds 2 g
Ld Vd 2
hLd f .
Dd 2 g
Where:s=totallengthofthesuctionpipe
=st.pipelength+totalst.linepipeequivalenttovalues, fittings,etc.
d=totallengthofthedischargepipe
=st.pipelength+totalst.linepipeequivalenttovalues,etc.in the
dischargepipe.
Vssuctionvelocityofthefluid=
Vddischargevelocityofthefluid=
Q
As
ds
4
Ds&Dddiametersofsuction&dischargepipes/conduit
Ad
dA2
4
I.Forlaminarflowunderpressureinacircularpipe.
hL 32V .
L
V if R >
gD 2
200
64 64
DV
R
II.Fluidfrictioninnon-circularconduits:
f L V2
hL , ,
4 Rh 2 g
Where:
4 Rh Vp
A
cross-sectionalarea
Rh hydraulicradius =
L&V-sameasbefore
ORD=4Rh
LossofHeadatEntrance:
V2
he' ke'
2g
Ad 2 L 4 D
D
4
Where:
hetruevalueoftheextralosscausedatentrance
Vmeanvelocityinthepipe
Kelosscoefficient
V.Lossofheadpipefittings:
KV 2
h pf
2g
Vvelocityinapipeofthenominalsizeofthefitting
Kfunctionoffittings
Fitting
K
L/D
Globevalve,wideopen
Anglevalve,wideopen
Closereturnbend 2.2
Gatevalve,wideopen
Gatevalve,halfopen
450-elbow
0.42
Longradiuselbow
Mediumradiuselbow
Shortradiuselbow
Tthrusideoutlet
1.8
10
5
75
0.19
2.06
15
0.60
0.75
0.20
67
350
175
7
72
20
27
32
Lossinbends&elbows:
Where:
hbheadlossproducedbyabend
V2
hb kb.
fora900bend(smoothpipe);
2g
Kb
=0.10for
=0.15for
r
2
D
r
10
D
=0.30forapipew/e/D=0.0020
=0.20forapipew/e/D=0.20
Where:
e/D=relativeroughness
PUMPLAWS(forgeometricallysimilarpumps)
References:
pp.5.50to51,KentsHddk.(powervol.)
1.)Whenspeedischanged,capacityvariesdirectlyasthespeed.
Q1
N1
Where: Q capacity of the
pump
Q2
N2
N speed of the
pump
2.)Theheadvariesdirectlyasthesquareofthespeed.
2
H1
N1
2 Where
H2
N2 :
H head of the
pump
3.)TheBrakehorsepowervariesdirectlyasthecubeofthespeed.
2
Bhp1
N
13
Bhp2
N2
Where
:
4.)Capacityvariesdirectlyastherationoftheimpelleroutsidediameterscube.
3
Q2
D2
3
Q1
D1
Where:
D impeller outside
diameter
or wheel diameter
5.)Theheadvariesdirectlyasthesquareofthewheeldiameter
2
H2
D2
2
H1
D1
6.) The Brake horsepower changes directly as the fifth power of the ratio of
outsidediameters.
5
Bhp2
D
25
Bhp1
D1
ADCmotordriverpumprunningat100RPMdelivers30
liters/secofwaterat400Cagainstatotalpumpingheadof27mwitha
pumpefficiencyof60%.Barometricpressureis758mmHg,absolute.
a).Whatspeedandcapacitywouldresultifthepumps
RPMwere
increased to produce a pumping head of 36m assumingno changein
efficiency;and
b).Can a 15 Kw motor be used under conditions indicated by @.
Localgravitationalaccelerationis
9.72m/sec2.
SOLUTION:
a)
H1 n1
H 2 n2
b)
H1
n2 n1
36
100
27
= 115.47 RPM
(in Kw)
But: Whp
(in Kw)
9.72
34.641 1000 x
36
9.81
10
= 12,028 Kw 2 Answer
Answer
OR Whp
(in Kw)
Q2
n2
Q1
n1
n
Q2 Q1 2
n1
Brake
Hp
Where:
115 .47
30
100
= 34.641 liters/sec Answer
m 3 1000 kg
m3
at 40 0 C
1
1.00775 x103 m 3
0.60
12,028
Bhp
= 20,047 kw
(in Kw)
0.60
Answer
Oct. 1986
Waterfromareservoirispumpedoverahillthruapipe450mmin
diameter and pressure of 1 kg/cm2 is maintained at the summit. Water
discharge is 30m above the reservoir. The quantity pumped is 0.5 m3/s.
frictional loess in the discharge & suction pipe and pump is equivalent to
15m head loss. The speed of the pump is 800 RPM. What amount of
energy.
a)
Kw
m3
20
Q
pump
s
H Z 2 Z1 hT
2
V2
2g
We have:
P2 P1
H 20
H = 42m
Where: V = c (neglected)
1
m3
kg
1000 3
Kw 0.5
sec
m
Z 2 Z1 30m
hT 1.5m
2
P2 P1 1kg 100cm
m2
2 x
x
2g
cm 1m 1000kg
3.144 2
V2
2g
9.81m
/ sec 2
42m x0.00981 KN
kg
sec 2
206 Kw
Ans.
Problem#3]
Acentrifugalpumpdesignedfora1800RPMoperationandahead
of60.9mhasacapacityof189.3liters/sec.withapowerinputof130.6
Kw.
a) What effect will a speed reduction to 1200 RPM have on the head,
capacity,andpowerinputofthepump?
b) What will be the change in these variables if the impeller diameter is
reducedfrom304.8to254mmwhilethespeedisheldconstantat1800
RPM?Neglecteffectsoffluidviscosity.
SOLUTION:
Ns n
Reference
s:
suction
H stage
Where: Ns
of
n
Q
H
specific speed
- it is used in defining the suction limitation of impeller
different designs and pump eff.
- pump shaft speed; RPM (revolutions per minute)
- capacity, GPM (gallons per minute)
- total dynamic head, ft. of H20
TYPES OF IMPELLER
Ns
= 500 1500
Radial Type
= 1500 4500
Francis Type
= 4500 8000
Mixed Type
Sample Problem # 1
SOLUTION:
a.) For similar pumps, specific speeds are equal, Ns1 = Ns2
n1
H1
Q1
suction
stage
Q1
n1
Q2
&
Q2
n2
Q1
Q2
n2
H2
D2
D1
suction
stage
N2 = 877 RPM
Ans
we have;
3
Q2 n1 D2 Q1n2 D1
D2
Q2
n2
Q1
n1
D1
D2 D1 3
Q1n2
Q2 n1
68 877
150 3
451200
mm Ans.
Sample Problem # 2
Ns1
Q2
H2
N1
Q1
H1
3500 68.13
914.63
b.) from
N 2 45.42
914.63
Q1 N1 Q2 Q2
&
Q2 N 2 Q1 D1
D2
Q2
N2
Q1
N1
D
1
D2 D1 3
0.15243
Q1 N 2
Q2 N1
68.13 4287
45.42 3500
= 0.0187m = 18.7mm
Ans.
RECIPROCATING PUMPS
Bhp
prime
mover
If pump efficiency is not givern;
See fig. 36, p. 5-72, kents Hdbk (power vol.)
Other factors to be considered if pump eff. is unknown;
a.) hydraulic eff.; h
h
1 x100%
h
Bhp fhp
x100%
b.) mech /1 eff.; m
Bhp
Q Qloss
x100%
Q
volumetric eff.;
see p. 451, Fluid Mechanics by Daugherty
Hence, pump eff.
Where: h
- is the actual head developed by or
delivered by
the machine
H
- is the head delivered by the vanes to the
fluid .
Q
- actual flow delivered.
4 12
12
Where: VD
S=L
Effective VD
capacity
Where: Nv
= 100% - % slip
Sample Problem
Solution:
% slip
see p. 5 92, kents
2%
for new pumps; increase factor of safety
There: Nv
= 100 2 = 0.98 assuming pump is new.
4 6
3000
0
.
98
4 12
12
Started speeds: A x b x oC
Where :
A>B
ds Pi Pe A2
4
4
2
2
FL PL ' A L Pd Ps d L Pd Ps B
4
4
Fs Ps : As Pi Pe
RPM
Where:
1rev.
4 12 12
1rev.
min .
Fs
d s A d L orB
OR
AB
Pd Ps
Pi Pe nm
Since
Fs
are
not
fully
transmitted
in
the
liquid
cylinder because of the slip
occurring on the piston and
cylinder walls.
TDH
mep nm
1.) A > B; meaning steam cylinder is always greater than the liquid
cylinder.
2.) Possibility of having B > A
3.) A = B.
Vd
dL 2 S N n
4
dL 2 S N n x
4
2
Considering rod effect;
Vd
Vd
C.E.
H .E.
2
d L SNn
d L dr 2 SNn
4
4
2
2
dL dL dr S N n
4
Where: N
- no. of pumping strokes / min.
n
- no. of cylinder
dr.
- piston rod diameter
DOUBLE-ACTING means that both sides (HE & CE) are used for
pumping.
nv
Volumetric
efficiency
Where:
nv 100% % slip
OR see catalogs /
slip
% = 2% - for new
1.) Simplex:
2.) Duplex:
nL = NS = 2
3.) Triplex:
nL = nS = 3
TYPES OF INDIRECT ACTING PUMPS:
1.) Simplex:
2.) Duplex:
nL = 1; nS = 0
nL = 2; nS = 0
Pump duty
=
9.8Wf TDH N m
;
KJ
10 6
Ws hi hfe x106
Where:
9.8 N = 1kg
Duty of Pump, D
=
I.
Chargeable Energy
10 6 Ww LHT ft lbs
D
;
6 BTH
10
H
II.In terms of saturated steam;
Dc
100 WW LHT
WC
for
WS
106 WW LHT
Heat;
Dh
ft lbs
10 6 BTU
Where:
C coal
S steam
h heat
Reference:
pp. 47 49 steam power plant auxiliaries &
accessories by Terrel Croft, 2nd ed.
Problem # 1
SOLUTION:
Vd
dL 2 S N n dL2 dr 2 S N n
4
4
160 3050
Vd
m
m 401
4 1000 1000
4
2
3
160
45
401; m
min .
1000
1000
2
Li Li
3
min .
m
Ans.
Problem # 1
4 x 2 x 3.
Determine
a.) CAP.p
b.) L = dL.
SOLUTION:
a.)
b.)
L d L A B
TDH
mep nm
Problem # 2
SOLUTION:
CAP. p Vd nV
But:
gal.
x100 strokes
3
min
231in.
Ans.
gal.
lbs
x833
362.4 lbs
min .
min .
gah.
3
lbs
1' ft 3
362.4
x
5.80 ft
min .
min . 62.5lbs
Ans.
Ans.
Problem # 3
Consider a duplex direct acting pump, 8 by 6 by 10, with a 2inches piston rod, making 50 strokes (1 stroke of a duplex pump
is both pistons moving once over their path) per minute against a
head of 150 ft. the pump is 75% efficient and has a slip of 6%.
Determine:
a.) Capacity of this pump in gallons, pounds, and cubic ft. per
minute; and
b.) Horsepower developed, if the density of liquid is 62.5 lbs/ft3
SOLUTION:
Pump capacity
a.)
But:
(displacement of
pump)
VdT x 2 nV
nL 2
volumetric
efficiency
Vd H .E AH . E . x Stroke x
50 stroke
min .
2
3
2
6 sq.inches 10inches 25 strokes min 7067.5 in. min .
4
Vd C.E AH . E . AC . E . 10 25
Pump
capacity
13,250 in.
min .
x 2 0.94 x
= 108.65 GPM x
8.323
min .
1gal.
108.65GPM
231in.3
905lbs min .
Ans.
Ans.
3
gal .
4 ft.3
lbs
108.65
x 8.33
x
14.48 ft
gal. 62.5lbs.
min .
min .
Ans.
b.)
Whp
Q in
/min
lbs
TDH in ft.
33,000
ft-lbs
9051501
33,000 0.75
5.48hp
Ans.
Problem # 4
Whp = 5
Stroke = 8
DETERMINE:
SOLUTION:
2
VD
But:
L S
RPM 2
4 12 12
VD
CAP. p. inGPM
nV
no. of cylinder
equ. 1
CAP. p Vd nV
from Whp =
GPM
equ. 2
HT
3960
3960 (Whp = 5)
in GPM =
HT = 280 ft
= 71.22
Ans.
CAPp GPM
nV
71.22 gal.
3
ft
x
min .
0.90
7.48 gal.
10.58CFM
But:
L
min . 4 144
basic speed
8
strokes
12 2 RPM
min .
strokes
min.
min .
L 8
2 48.84
4 144 12
10.58 4144 12
2 2 48.84
5.45"
Ihp
Mep in psi
L in ft.
As in sq. in.
cyl.
33, 000
but:
m.e.
ft lbs
N in strokes / min.
hp min.
Whp 5
5
; Dp
Ihp
0.97
atm, pressure
0.97
Ans
33,00
0
8
2
S 48.84 2
12 4
33,000 5 0.97 12 4
75.3 8 48.84 2
OR
S
L
6.64"
Ans.
d.) Fs = ps x As
lbs
75.3 2
in.
S standard size2 2
lbs.
Ans.
e.)
m.e. nm
FS TOTAL
0.97
FL TOTAL
FL TOTAL
lbs
Ans.
Problem # 5
SOLUTION:
m.e.
output
input
Fs
Fw
m.e.
Fw
Fs
equ. 1
Ps ' xAs
Pw Aw
m.e.
equ. 1
S 2
also, pi pe
4
W 2
4
m.e.
pd ps
equ. 1a
Ps x As
=
TDH x
N 2
equ.
2
m.e.
Ps
100 psig
144 in
ft 3
ft 2
= 56.33
psi
equ.
2
referred only to water cylinder
measured at water cylinder
only
W 2 Lw
4
12
12
60stroke
2cyl. 2 d . A. x1 0.10
min .
But: Lw = 2 w
CAP pump 4
12
2W
60 2 2 0.90
12
in
ft3
min.
from formula,
Ds 1000 x Ww x LHT
Ws
TDH in ft.
wt. of steam in
lbs.
pump duty for steam
Ww
Ds Ws
1000 xLHT
=
106
8.5 x
Ft lbs
2500 lbs
steam
1000 x 130
ft.
hr
1000 x 130
ft.
=
1.634615
5
x 10
lbs
water
hr
=
163,461.5
lbs
H20
hr
hence,
CAP pump =
163,461.5
Lbs H20
1 hr
1 ft3
hr
43.66 CFM
from equ. 1a
S W
1.06
Pd Ps
Pi Pe nm
130
100 0.70
=
Ans.
TDH
mep ps ' nm
inches
Lw Ls =
2 x
W
=
Ans.
inches
CHAPTER 2
HYDRAULIC
TURBINES
HYDRAULIC TURBINES
TYPES OF TURBINE
It is used for the range of heads of 200 700 ft. for SMALL
UNITS (So as to produce suitable generator speeds). However, heads
of 5000 ft. have been used in European installations. Its efficiency
vary from 82 to 92%.
In English System;
P
Q th PH 20 E
equ.
550
from equ.116-1, p. 647
PPTD by Potter
Q th E
8.82
H pt
H Q W
550
Hp
W H Q e
550
But: Hp = Hpt x e
lb
ft
equ. 1a
equ.
2
equ.
2a
if W = 62.4 lb ft 3
e = hydraulic turbine eff. = E
550
ft lb
constant
hp sec
ft 4
8.82
constan
hp sec
In Metric System;
Whp
Q Hn PH 20 et
Fc 102.17
equ.
2b
Where:
Then,
Hp
H Q e
8.82
equ. 2c
Where:
P
= turbine output; hp
Q
= water floe, ft3/sec (CFS)
Hn
= net effective head; ft.
= difference in the total head for the water entering the turbine
casing and the total head leaving the draft tube, ft.
H
= available pressure in the turbine; ft
= difference in ft. between the elevation of water at the in take
& the elevation of tail water level, the power plant.
Hn
- net effective head in meters
PH20
- density of water @ std., cond.,
= 100 kg / m3
Q
- water flow rate OR quantity / discharge of water available in
m3 / sec.
(CMS)
Et
- hydraulic turbine eff.
Fc
- conversion factor
kg m
E
= turbine hydraulic efficiency 102.17
kw sec
N P
h5 4
n Hp
H54
NP1 2
Hn 5 4
Where:
Ns
- specific spee; RPM
N
- Speed for maximum efficiency @ given head of actual full-scale
turbine; RPM
P
- power output (of actual full-scale turbine).
h
= available head (of actual full scale turbine); FT.
n
= angular vd. Of the runner; RPM
Hp
= actual hg of hit
H
= head on the turbine; ft.
N
- speed of a hypothetical model turbine having the same
configuration as the actual turbine (when the model would be of the
proper size to develop
I hp at a head of 1ft).
P
= power ; hp
Hn
= net head.; FT.
Net Head
Type of Turbine
Up to Ft.
70 110
110 800
800 1300
1300 above
TURBINE PERFORMANCE:
Q2
3
N 2 D2
constant
h1
2
N1 D1
h2
2
N 2 D2
constant
Where:
Sample Problem
DETERMINE:
SOLUTION:
a.)
P
V2
Hn
P
2g
=
27563.34 (4m)2
Pa
kg
2 9. 8 m
1000 3 x
sec .
m
b.)
=
28.74 m
Ans.
Hp
t
Whp Q x Hn x Pw
102.17
205
0.765
Kw x 28.94 m x 100
102.17
kg
=
%
94.6,
Hn2 2
N2
N1
Hn
1
1
Hn2 2
N 2 N1
Hn1
61
514 RPM
28.94
Note:
Q = 27 ft-sec
x
H A1 2
H p1
H n1 3 2
H n2
H p 2 H p1
H n1
61
205 Kw
28.94
H p2
=
627.34 Kw
Ans.
H n2 2
Q2
Q1
H
n1
1
H n2 2
Q2 Q1
H n1
61
0.765
28.94
=
1.11 m3 / sec
Ans.
Problem # 1
DETERMINE:
SOLUTION:
= H hf
But:
Ha = 553 438 = 115 m
hf = 0.3 (115) = 3.45 m
Such That:
where:
Q
=
=
=
Q
=
sec.
Ans.
Q Hn PH 20 et
102.17 kg m
Kw sec
Hn
= 111.5 m
PH20
= 100 kg / m3 (always assume std. cond. if vot
specified)
et
= 85%
15.8
m 3 sec
102.17 kg m
Kw sec
13,994.79 Kw
FRANCIS TYPE
Ans.
Ns
TYPE
2.5 8 RPM
------------------- Impulse (Single nozzle)
8 12 RPM
------------------- Impulse (multi-nozzle)
12 95 RPM
------------------- Francis
95 above
------------------- Propeller
Hn
TYPE
Up to 70 ft.
------------------- Propeller (either)
Fixed or adjustable
70 to 110 ft.
------------------- Propeller or
Francis Type
110 to 800 ft. ------------------- Francis Type
800 to 1300 ft. ------------------- Francis of Impulse
1300 & above ------------------- Impulse
TURBINE SPEED, N:
NP 2
Ns
;
5
4
Hn
120 f
N
p
Where:
N
= turbine generator speed, RPM
f
= electrical frequency; Cps.
P
= no. of generator poles
Assuming p = 104 poles, then the Actual Speed N would
120 f
be
N
p
120 60
69.3RPM
104
120 60
72 RPM
100
Answer:
Either a Kaplan Unit @ 85.2 RPM or 90 RPM OR a
Francis
unit @ 69.3 RPM or 69 RPM could be used.
However, 90 RPM
would be probably be more
economical as a Gen. Speed
Problem # 2
a.) Probable Bhp of turbine at max. eff., if the fraction of flow is 0.82 Q.
b.) State type of turbine
c.) Probable rated Bhp of turbine at max, eff., at full-load
d.) Rated speed
e.) Corrected speed
et max .
= 8,274.4 hp
Ans
SOLUTION:
a.) Probable Bhp
=4
8.82 ft
hp sec
1300 ft.
Ans.
Where:
Q = QC max. eff.
= 0.82 Q
= 0.82 (40)
= 32.8 CFS
H = 2,500 ft.; sp. gr. = 1
et rated
Ns = ?
=?
But:
Ns
0.82
Q
= 3.2 RPM
max eff., Fig. 25, Kents
Rated Bhp
c.) Probable
Rated Bhp
=
probable
Q.H. sp. gr. et
8.82
40 2500 1 0.884
8.82
= 10,023 hp
Ans.
=
Kw
Where: Q = Q@
full load
= 40 CFS
et
rated
Ns
Bhp runner
H5 4
Ns.H 5 4
Bhp runner
5 4
3.2 2500
10,023
tentative
value
But:
synchronous speed
e.)
120 f
p?
120 60
Ans.
Speed
Note:
120 f
Computed Speed
Can not be
Ans.
CAVITATIONS:
Note:
To avoid excessive cavitations, plant T > critical T. The
greater this margin, the possibility of cavitations during operation.
nS 2
In the T
absence
of cavitations
tests; & propeller runners
for Francis
15,000
2
nS
CAVITATIONS COEFFICIENT, T
Hb Hv Hs
Kent ' s
H
H b H e H vap
Hn
potter
OR He =
Hb Hvap T Hn
eqn. 16 7b, p. 661, potter
where:
T
cavitations coef.; dimensionless
Hb
barometric pressure head at elevation of runner above
sea level;
ft. is that existing barometric pressure at the plant
elevation & not
barometric pressure corrected to sea level.
Hv
He
Hv
He
Ns
T
0.2
eqn. 16-8, p. 661, PPTD by Potter
15
,
000
Ns 2
15,000
Where:
T
= approximate values of T suitable for the solution
of problems.
Ns
= specific speed
Hv
He
Also,
from p. 661, PPTD by
Potter
Hb
1.13 ft.
= 34 ft. less 1,000 ft. increase in elevation above sea
level
120. f
= p
Where:
N synchronous speed, RPM
f frequency in Hz (cps)
p no. of poles
always an even number.
Sample Problem
Solution:
Ns
Hb Hvap He
Hn
NP
H
90 RPM 30,000hp
5
50 ft. 4
117 .2 RPM
But:
from eqn. 16-8, p. 661, PPTD by Potter
117 .2
Ns 2
0.20 0.717
0.20
15
,
000
15,000
Hb
= 34 ft. LESS
3,000'
1.13
30.6 ft.
= 34 1.13' x
1000'
ft.
- in
1000 ft. increase
elevation above sea level
at 800F, Pv
= 1.0321 Hg
=
Hvap =
1 ft .sp. vol. of H 0 @ 800F
1.0321 Hg
2
x
12"
sp. vol, of Hg
1.0321 0.01608
12 0.001183
OR Hvap
=
P @ 0F
W @ 80 0 F
3.499 N
m3
996.61kg
9.81kg
3.28
m3
fL
m
TURBINE TRUST, T:
T Th Wts
Where:
T (lbs.) =
bearing force
Th (lbs.) =
Wts
=
turbine trust
hydraulic thrust
vt. of the turbine runner & shaft; lbs.
kt Dr 2 Hm
Th
2.44
Where:
Th
Kt
Dr
Hm
eqn.
1
eqn. 2
Kt =
Ns / 250
Kt =
0.90 for all Ns.
Note: Kt values are assumed that the runner seals are properly
arrange and
that the crown of the runner inside the seals is
properly drained,
otherwise, thrust may be much higher.
RUNAWAY SPEED, Rs
Sample Problem
Ns
=
3.5
Head above water level
=
2,220 ft.
Bhp
=
3,800 hp
RPM
=
360
Turbine setting overhang.
a. Shaft diameter;
b. Total Thrust;
c. Tail water elevation; and
d. Collapsing pressure inside the penstock.
SOLUTION:
a.)
Bhp
C2
D shaft 4.5
RPM
C
3
- no. of runners if
mounted on separate
shafts
Assume:
C=1
3800 3
1
D shaft 4.5
360
= 9.87
Ans.
b.)
for H = 500-
Fig. 4, p. 5-27,
Kents Hdbk
Kt Dr 2 Hm
2.94
T = Th
Where:
Th
Wtr
Tw
-
Wth
Tw
hydraulic thrust
wt. of turbine runner
shaft wt.
for Manufactures
Catalog
c.)
From
p. 9-185, Marks Hdbk;
Z = 5
vertical (tail H20 level)
Z = 3
horizontal
But:
NP1 2
Ns
Hn 5 4
360 3800 2
3.5
Hn 5 4
Hn 1,098 ft.
But:
Havailable = Head water e / ev Tailwater e / ev.
2,200 - 1,098
Pin.
0.25 Pin
= 1,122 ft.
Ans.
no. of runner
But:
by ASME; t =
CHAPTER 3
BLOWER is a fan used to force air under pressure, that is, the
resistance to gas flow is imposed primarily
upon the
discharge.
FUNCTION OF FAN:
DEFINITION:
Mechanical
Rotating element
Increased the energy against resistance
Drive
RATING:
CFM
Shaft
Speed
SPECIFICATION:
Type of fan
Method of controlling
Purpose
Method of installation
Type of drive
SYSTEM:
Prime mover
Fans & blowers
Ducts, air washer
Air filter, etc.
Type
Static Pressure
Propeller
Tube Axial
Vane Axial
Centrifugal
0 1 H20
- 2 H20
- 6 (max. design)
20 H20; 90 H20 (special)
The following three basic fan laws encompass all fan functional
principles:
Q2 N 2
N1
Q1
P1
N
1
Shp1
N 2
N
1
CFM & D 2
b.) Pressure remains constant.
P C
Shp & D 2
RPM
1
D
2
RPMt C
CFM C
P & Pg
Shp & Pg
FAN LAWS:
Symbols Used:
Q
air or gas volume; ft3 / min (CFM)
P
static velocity or total pressure; inches H 20
Hp
horsepower input
a.) Q is constant.
b.) P varies as density.
c.) Hp varies as density.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. The VOLUME handled by a fan is the number of cubic ft. of air per
minute (CFM) expressed at fan outlet conditions.
2. The TOTAL PRESSURE of a fan is the rise of pressure from fan inlet
to fan outlet.
3. The VELOCITY PRESSURE of a fan is the pressure corresponding to
the
average velocity determination from the volume of air flow at
the fan outlet.
4. The STATIC PRESSURE of a fan is the total pressure diminished by
the fan velocity pressure.
5. The POWER OUTPUT of a fan is expressed in Hp and is based on
FAN
VOLUME & the fan TOTAL PRESSURE.
6. The POWER INPUT to a fan is expressed in Hp and is measured
horsepower delivered to the fan shaft.
Power output
=
Power input
Static pressure
=
x
m
Total pressure
7. The FAN OUTLET AREA is the inside area of the fan outlet.
8. The FAN INLET AREA is the inside area of the inlet collar.
FAN PRESSURES:
Sample # 1
SOLUTION:
ASSUME:
Q2
N2
50014,000
NQ
;N 2 1 2
Q1
N1
Q1
10,000
N2 = 700 RPM
b.)
Ans.
P1 N 2
; Where:
P1 N1
N
P2 P1 2
N1
700
2"
50
3.92 H20
Ans.
c.)
Shp1 N1
; Where: Shp =
1
Shp2 N 2
6
Shp2 Shp1 N 2
N
1
3
700
2
500
= 16.464 hp
Ans.
Problem # 2
a.) N2;
b.) Hp2;
and
c.) Q2.
SOLUTION:
a.)
N 2 N1
Hp
1
400 0.075
2
0.0602
N2
446 RPM
for T = 700F
for T = 2000F
Ans.
Where:
1
RT
P
From PV = RT w/m = 1;
b.)
Q2 Q1
0.075
1
13,394.1 CFM
12,000
0.0602
2
Ans.
c.)
Hp2 Hp
1
1
0.075
4.46 hp
4
0.0602
2
Ans.
Problem # 3
SOLUTION:
From Fan Law # 6 (change in air density) by Swain;
a.)
N2
1 ;
N1
2
N2
1
2
N1
but:
1
2
N1
b.)
c.)
d.)
(corresponding to 350
0
0.0705F lb / ft3 (corresponding to 70
0
F) RPM
500
1
Q2 1
Q; 2 Q1
Q1 2
2
Hp2 1
;
Hp1 2
Hp2 Hp1
P2 1
; P2 P1 1
P1 2
2
P 4
Where:
N
revolutions per minute (RPM) (Speed)
Pv
static total pressure
density of air / gas
Approximately, = 1.325 Pb. T.
; lbs / ft3
Where: P
total rise in pressure (inches H20)
Q
capacity in CFM
Also,
Air
Hp.
ft.
a Qa h
kg m
4,563
hp min .
46 Q A Ht
0.77 kw
Where:
Qa
eqn. 2
eqn. 3
hp
density of air; kg / m3
capacity of fan / blower or air reg.; m3 /
min.
h
QA
Ht
Also,
Air
eqn. 4
6356
Where:
Ht = total head in inches H20
Sample Problem # 1
SOLUTION:
Air hp
in
KN
m3
Q in
m3
0.746 kw
sec
Ht in
m
eqn. 1
hp
But:
-
25.98
m3
m3
sec
kg
m3
= 9.8066
eqn. 2
KN
Where:
Hs
Hv
velocity head
a 2
x
w 2g
But:
m
P
v
RT
from PV =
m RT
P
RT
101.325 KN
m2
0
KJ 0
0.287
21 C 273 K
0
kg
1.2008 kg m 3
Area of duct
25.98 m3 / sec
(0.915m) (1.22) m2
=
23.27 m /
sec.
23.27 m sec
1.2008 kg m 3
Hv
x
2 9.8066 m sec 2
1000 kg m 3
2
9.8066
25.98
KN /
m3 /
3
m 0.746 kw
sec
/ hp
54.7
Kn m
sec
73.32 hp
0.16015
m
H20
KW
Ans.
Ans.
Sample Problem # 2
Q = 121,000 m3/hr
Air hp
a Qa h
=
kg m
4,563
hp min
eqn. 1
Where:
Qa
h
density of air in kg / m3
air reg. / capacity in m3 / min.
total hend in m of / H20
m3
1hr
Q 121,000
x
hr 60 min .
in m3 /
min
h=
H2 0
150 mm H20
x mm x air
1000
1m
Density of air
150 mm H20
x
1000 x
H2 0
1000 kg m
H2 0
H2 0
Substitutingvaluesineqn.1;wehave:
AirHp
121,000 m3
min
60
150mmx100 kg
1000 x a .x 4,563 kg m
m
3
hp min .
150
60 a
66.29hp.
4563
121,000
a
Bhp motor
Airhp
1
mech 1 eff .
66.29
0.70
= 94.7 hp
Ans.
Problem # 1
SOLUTION I.
Power output
Blower eff. =
Where:
k
P1V1
Ps
k 1
P2
P
1
k 1/ k
1
atm
.
0.4
60
sec
.
/
min
.
1atm
0.2857
1.68 - 1
0.4 / 1.4
= 33 Kw
Blower eff. =
Note:
Kp
Cp
Cv
1 .4
SOLUTION II
Blower eff. =
Power output = Hp b
Power input = 50 Kw
k
P1V1 1 P2
Hp
k 1
P1
k
Hp
P1V1
1 k
P2
P1
k
Hp
P1V1
k 1
P2
P1
k 1 / k
k 1 / k
k 1 / k
1.4
1atm. 35m3 / sec .
0 .4
1.68
0.4 / 1.4
1.4
101.325KP 35 m3 / min . 1.680.2857 1
0.4
60
1KN / m 2 m 3 1KN m
x
1KJ / sec KW
Where: Kpaa x
KPaa
sec
sec
Hps = 33 Kw
33
Problem # 2 Blower
SOLUTION:
Pd Ps Vd 2 Vs 2
Zd Zs
2a
2g
Where:
Pd 50mmH 2 0 x
1m
kg
x1000 3
1000mm
m
= 50 kg / m2
Ps 70mmx
1m
x1000kg / m 3
1000mm
= - 70 kg/m2
Q
Vd
Ad
1 min
60 sec .
2
II 25cm
4 100cm / m
90m 3 / min .x
Vs
Q
90 / 60
As II 30 / 100 2
4
= 21.22 m/sec.
= 30.56 m/sec
Assume: Zd = Zs, hence Zd-Zs = 0
P
m mass
756mm Hg x 760mm
0.287
k5
kg k
(2940
= 1.209 kg/m3
k)
50 70 kg / m 30.56
Ht
2
21.22
2 9.8066
(1.209kg / m 3 )
= 123.9 meters
= a Q Ht
Hence; Air hp
0.746 kw hp
OR
Hp
Qa in
in kg/m3
m /min
4,563 kg m
Prob.
h in a.
hp min
1.209 90122.9
4563
= 3 hp
Problem # 1
The system duct will remain the same & the fan will discharge
the same volume of 120 m3/sec of air at 930C & barometric pressure
of 735 mm Hg when its speed is 7 RPS. Find the brake power input &
the static pressure required.
SOLUTION:
Given: Q1
N1
P1
Hp1
=
form
=
=
=
Shp1
120 m3/sec
7 RPS
310 mm W.G.
=
620 Kw
PV
mRT
Shp2
P2
Q2
N2
=?
=?
=
=
=
Hp2
=
120 m3/sec
7 RPS
But:
m
P
V
RT
P1 101.325
KN
m2
kg m
21.11 2730 k
RT1 0.287
0
kg k
1.2 kg m 3
735mm Hg
x
1atm 101.325 KN m 2
760mm Hg
0.287 93 373
0.9329 kg m 3
b.) P
varies
as density.
P2
2
P1
1
2
0.9329
310mm W .G.
1
.
2
P2 P1
241 mm W.G.
Ans.
Hp2
2
Hp1
1
Hp2 Hp1 2
1
0.9329
620
1
.
2
482 KW
Ans.
Problem # 2
SOLUTION:
From Fan Law # 4, by Swain, we have:
P2
2
P1
1
2
0.0523
3
2.092 H20
Ans.
1
0.075
P2 P1
Hp2 2
Hp1 1
2
0.0523
5.5
0
.
075
Hp2 Hp1
3.835 hp
Ans.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PRELIM EXAM IN FLUID MACHINERY
Instruction:
Solve all the problems with close books, notes and
formulas
except pumps tables. Strictly no copying.
Problem # 3). A pump with a 40.64 (16 in.) suction pipe and a
25.56cm
(10 in.) discharge pipe is used to deliver
20,000 Liters/min
of 15.550C H2O. calculate the pump
head and the size of
the motor to run the said pump. If
the suction vacuum
gage 7.5cm below the pumps
centerline reads 127mm Hg
and the discharge gage
45cm above the pumps centerline
reads 73 KPa.
Mercury has a specific gravity of 13.6
Solution to Problem # 1)
H 1 n1
H 2 n2
189.3 1800
;
Q2
1200
Q1
n
1 ;
q2
n2
3
P1 D1
;
P2 D2
Ans.
Q2 = 126..2 liters/sec
130.6 1800
;
P2
1200
H1 D1
;
H 2 D2
D1
Q1
Q2
D2
H2 = 27.067m
Ans.
P1 n1
;
P2 n2
b.)
60.9 1800
;
H 2 1200
P2 = 38.696 KW
Ans.
60.9 304.8
; H2 = 49.292 m
H 2 254
Ans.
189.3 304.8
;
; Q2 = 109.55 liters/sec
Q2
254
5
130.6 304.8
;
P2
254
P2 = 52.48 KW
Ans.
Ans.
Sample Problem # 3
SOLUTION I:
Pump eff.
=
But: Whp
=
Also,
=
Vd 2 Vs 2
hL
Using Kents eqm., HT = Hd Hs +
2g
Fluid power OR Whp.
Motor hp = 40 hp
Q in m3/sec
Pd Ps
b
eqn. 1
H in m. b
Vd 2 Vs 2
2g
kN m 3
Zd Zs
eqn. 2
Bernaoullis
OR
=
Vd 2 Vs 2
Hd Hs
hL
2g
Kents eqn.
Where:
1000 N m 2
1KPa
b 1000
Hd 14.255m
kg 9.8066 N
x
x1.2
m2
kg
2
101
.
325
N
m
x 10 N x kg
Hs = - 150mm x
KN
760mmHg
9.8 N
Hg
= - 1.7m
m2
1000kg x 1.2
Vd
Q
Ad
Q
Vs
As
1m 3
2
x 1 min
x
m
800 liters
0
.
1338
60 sec
sec
min 1000liters
30
m
4 100
0.1333 m
1.885 m
sec
40
4 100
sec 1.0605 m
2
sec
2 x9.81 m sec 2
16.079m
Ans.
From eqn. 1;
8,000 li min x
Pump eff.
=
b 62 x9.8066
KN
m3
H 16.07m
= 84.51%
Note:
1m
x min
60 sec
1,000li
1KN m
1kw
sec
Problem # 2
The water hp; b.) The pump efficiency and c.) The combined
motor-pump eff.
SOLUTION:
Solution II:
Pd Ps
H T
Using Bernoullis eqn.
b
Pump eff.
Fluid Power
40 hp x
3
= Q in m /sec
0.746 KW
1hp
d b 1.2 xd w 9.8 KN m 3 HT in m
Kw
Also:
Pd Ps
H T
db
Pd =
Ps
Zd Zs
Fluid Power in Kw
Motor Hp output =
But:
2
2
Vd Vs
2g
2
2
Vd
Vs
Zd Zs
2g
1000 KPa
2
x
20
KN
m
= - 150mm Hg 7500.62mmHg
Pd
= 1.2 x Wd
=
Pd Ps 150 20 KN m 2
bd
1.2 x9.8066 KN m 3
= 14.46m.
Vd 2 Vs 2 1.885 1.0605 m 2 sec 2
2g
2 x9.81 m sec 2
2
= 2.4286m
Zd Zs 1.50m
H T 16.079m
Problem # 1
SOLUTION:
a.)
V V1
H T Hd Hs hLs hLd 2
2g
1 KN m 2 1000 N
1kg
1m 3
x
x
x
Hd = 30m + 73 KPa x
1KPa
1KN
9.8 N 1000kg
Where:
Hd = 37.45cm
Note:
Hs
15cm
1000
cm
Hs 1.57 m
Note:
1x1000 kg m 3 x
9.8 N
kg
SOLUTION:
a.)
To Problem # 3
Vd 2 Vs 2
H T Hd Hs
2
g
Where: Hd Z P hf
2
2
Ld
Hd = 30m
+
73 KPa x
KN m 2 100 N
kg
m .3
x
x
x
1KPa
KN
9.8 N 1000kg
30
Ld 20m 30m
m elbows & 1-gate valve
100
&
1-clock
valve
attached to
diam. pipe
Note:
10-in
xf
100
hf Ld
1m
30m 30m 0.30m 177 ft
3.28 ft
66.3m x 3.28 ft
100
3.28 ft
Hd 30m 7.449m x
80.755 ft. 203.588 ft.
1
m
20.472
100
x
2,28
; y 7.80 x 20.472 ft
2779
500
7.80
20,000 Li.
1m3
3.28 ft x 7.48 gal. 5,279GPM
Q
x
x
min .
1,000 Li.
1m 3
ft 3
x2.39
x
279
y=?
0.21
;
0
.
24
500
2.66
y 2.39 x
2.39 0.11718
2.507 ft.
Also,
Hs
15
m
100
1000
Note:
kg 9.8 N
x
3
m
kg
- Ls x ft/100
But:
Ls
25
m
100
44.64m146.419 ft.
hf LS
Hs
20.25m x 3.28 ft
80 ft
2.507 ft.
1000 ft
3.671 ft .
Vd
Vs
Q
Ad
Q
As
1 min
m3
3.28 ft
Li
.
20,000
x
x
x
min . 60 sec 1000li. m
10
4 12
21.56 ft
16
4 12
sec
ft 2
8.43 ft
21.46 2 8.432
H T 203.588 9.83
2 32.2
sec
Ans.
66.93m
219.532 FT .
H T TAH
3.28 ft
20.000 li min
m
2.2lbs
kg
m3
1000
li
66.93m
kg
1000 m 3
b.) Bhp in Kw
33,000
ft lbs
1hp
x
hp min 0.746 Kw
= 218.36 Kw
Ans.
Ans.
CANCELLED
hLS = Ls x f/100
Ls
25cm
0
20m + st. pipe equivalent of 1-90 -elbow &
100 cm
q.v.
m
25cm
58'
Ls
20m
1
100cm
3.28 m
22'
3.28
44.64m
Ans.
S 40.64cm 16"
hLd = Ld x f/100
Ld 30m 30m
0
30
m + st. pipe equiv. of 2-90 -elbow, 1 q. v. & c.v.
100
Ld 30 30 0.30
V2
Ad
4
13' 100'
114 .26m
3.28 3.28
V1
Q
As
4
gat .
1 ft 2
5279
x
min . 7.48 gal.
16
4 12
liters
gat.
1 ft 2
20,000
5279
x
sec
min . 7.48 gal.
10
4 12
0.545 ft 2
ft 1.3967 ft
2
1,295 ft
min
505.3 ft
min .
b.)
Bhp Calculated
(prime mover)
in KW =
60 o F
LPS
102
TDH in m
d in kg/m3
kw sec m 2
kg liters
iinch
10"
2.54cm
10"
1 gate value
1 check value
13'
10"
2-900 check
elbow
1.295
TDH 37.45 1.57
505.32
2 x32.2 ft 2
sec
hLd Ldx f
100
10.08
= (114.26m x 3) x
100
hLd 34.55 H .
ft 2
100'
10"
2 x32' 64'
1 min 2
x
min 2 3600. sec 2
hLS
44.64
m
a.) TDH =
49.18m = 161.31
b.)
Bhp in Kw =
1000 kg
ft.
Ans.
3.28 ft 2.2lbs
m3
49.18m 20,000 li
x
x
x
min .
m3
m
1kg 1000li
ft lbs
1hp
33,000
x
hp min 0.746 KW
= 160.45 KW
Q in
Input power in Kw =
li
min .
Ans.
kg
in m 3
Vd 2 Vs 2
H T Hd Hs
2
g
TDH in m.
Sp. gr.
3.28 ft 2.2lbs
m3
x
x
x
m
kg
1000li.
Where:
KN
2
1000 N
kg
m3
m
x
x
x
x
1KPa
KN
9.8 N 1000kg
= 30m +
KPa
73 x
KN
3
m 2 x 1000 N x kg x m
1KPa
KN
9.8 N 1000kg
30
Ld x f/100 = 30m + 30m +m
100
= 13 ft.
= 100 ft.
= 2 x 32 = 64 ft.
hf Ld
1m
30
x
30m 30m
m 177 ft
3.28 ft
100
10.08
ft
100
= 37.78 ft.
Hd 30m 0.00775
15
Hs
m +
100
37.78 ftx
1m
3.28 ft
41.526m
KN 2
101.325 KPa
m x 1000 N
x
x
- 127mm Hg 760mmHg
KPa
KN
100 kg
x1x
9.8 N
kg
But:
Ls
25
m + st. pipe equivalent, of 1-900-elbow + 1100 gate value
20m
58
22
hf LS
Hs
Vd
20.25 x
m
Ad
80 ft
2.23 ft
100 ft
li
1 min
m3
3.28 ft
20,000
x
x
x
min 60 sec 1000li
m3
2
10
2
ft
4 12
Q
Vs
HT =
Ans.
3.28 ft
m
16
4 12'
8.43 ft
2
sec .
b.)
BHP (calculated) in Kw
= prime mover
LPS
TDH in m
d in kg/m3
Kw sec m 3
102
kg liters
P
V1
P
V
H 1
Z1 2 2 Z 2 hLf 1 2
w
2g
w
2g
V2 V1
P2 P1
H
w
2g
Ns
Z 2 Z1 hLf 1 2
n Q suction
H
stage
Where: Ns
impeller of
n
Q
H
- specific speed
- it is used in defining the suction limitation of
different designs and pump eff.
- pump shaft speed; RPM (revolutions per minute)
- capacity; GPM (gallons per minute)
- total dynamic head; ft. of H20
TYPES OF IMPELLER
Ns
= 500
1500
= 1500
= 1500
8000
= 8000 & above
4500
Radial Type
Francis Type
Mixed type
Propeller (axial) type
Reciprocating Pumps
h
x100%
h1
Bhp fhp
x100%
Bhp
Q Qloss
x100%
Where: h
- is the actual head developed by or delivered by the
machine
h
- is the head delivered by the vanes to the fluid
Q
- actual flow delivered.
pump location
must be as near to the source.
nV 100% % slip
SOLUTION:
% slip
see p. 5-92, Kents
2%
for new pumps increase factor of safety
VD nV
4 2 6
3000
=
4 12 12
0.98
Ans.
Standard speeds: A x B x C
Where: A > B
A
= bore of the steam side (prime mover side) cylinder
piston
B
= bore of H20 or liquid piston cylinder
C
= common stroke to both cylinders
Fs
FL
Pi Pe d S 2 Pi Pe A2
= Ps: As =
= PL AL
CAP pump
Pd Ps d L Pd Ps B 2
=
4
Vd nV ;
nV 100% % slip
Vd
- piston displacement in CFM at H20 cylinder
B
- bore of water cylinder; inches
S=C
- stroke of piston; inches
water side
Pd
- discharge pressure of the pump
Ps
- suction pressure of the pump water side
Steam side
Pi
- steam inlet pressure
Steam side
Pe
- steam exhaust pressure
(Pd-Ps) = total dynamic head (TDH)
(Pi-Pe) = Ps mean effective pressure (mep); ps;
ds = A - diameter or bore of steam cylinder
dL = B - diameter or bore of water cylinder
mechanical eff.,
F
nm L
Fs
ds A d L orB
OR
A B
pd ps
pi pe nm
TDH
mep nm
2
Vd d L S N n
4
dL 2 S N n x 2
4
2
2
dL S N n
d L dr 2
4
4
Where: N
n
dr
SNn
C.E.
H .E.
2
2
d L d L dr 2 S N n
4
nV
Where:
nV 100% % slip
losses between piston &
cylinder p. 5-72, Hdbk (Power
Vd.)
slip % = 2%
for new pump
1.) Simplex:
nL
nS
2.) Duplex:
nL nS 2.
3.) Triplex:
nL nS 3.
Pump Duty
Wf TDH
;N m 6 j
6
10
Ws h1 hfe x10
9.8Wf TDH
; N m 6 KJ
10
Ws h1 hfe x106
Where: Wf
Ws
h1
KJ
- enthalphy of steam at inlet conditions;
Kg
hfe
KJ
- enthalphy of steam at outlet conditions;
Kg
9.8 N = 1 kg.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
In terms of wet
10 6
BTU
10 6 Ww LHT ft lbs
D
;
106 BTU
H
For Coal;
Dc
100 Ww LHT
Wc
For Steam;
103 Ww LHT
Ds
Ws
V.
For Heat;
10 6 Ww LHT
Dh
H
H
in ft lbs
10 6 BTU
Where:
C
S
h
Ww
Ws
LHT
Wc
H
Pd
Pi
Pd
coal
steam
heat
wt. of liquid water; lbs.
wt. of steam; lbs.
TDH; ft.
wt. of coal, lbs.
total heat consumed; BTU
hydrostatic head; ps;
intake pressure; ps;
discharge pressure; ps;
References:
accessories by
CHAPTER 4
AIR COMPRESSORS
I.SELECTION OF COMPRESSORS:
Factors to be considered:
1. Service condition
Volumetric eff.
Function of intake &
2. Operation
mechl. eff.
Discharge pressure
% clearance
no. of stages.
3. a)Type ( according to general classification)
a-1). Reciprocating positive type displacement
- used for high pressure & low vol. flow rates
a-2). Rotative (rotary, centrifugal) negative type displacement
- used for lower pressure & high vol. flow rates
b). No. of cylinders.
c). No. of stages
d). Position ( arrangement) of cylinders
4. Space
*IF P1 & P2
KPaa & V1
... Wkc = KW
CFM
m3/sec
2.ISENTROPICPROCESS:(PVk=C)
WKc=Area1-2a-b.
=
Vdp
sincetheweakdoneonthepistonfromato1bythepressureofgas@
P workdone2tob.
since PVk = C; Vk =
& V=
1/k
VALUES of n;
a). For small cylinders;
n = 1.35+
b). Under good conditions,
n = 1.38 or less (as expected).
OR n = 1.35 1.38
NOTE: clearance value = 0; means that all the gas in the cylinder is
pushed out when the
piston is at the top
of its stroke.
Vol. eff., nv --- is used to describe how efficiently gas is drawn into a
compressor.
3.
Due to clearance;
Nv = 1 to 8%
for large compressors
= 4 to 8%
common values used in practice to compressors
% leakage = 10% ---- as used by AIR INSTITUTE
B. Compressor w/ clearance:
Processes involved;
Where; Patm & Tatm -------- refer to the pressure & temp. of the
sorroundings OR
atmospheric
pressure temp.
REASONS: There are frictional effects to over come in flowing around
the intake valves, as well as flow irreversibilities in the cylinder itself.
Furthermore, the cylinder wells of the compressor are warm, and this
raises the temp. of the incoming gas.
REMARKS; The difference between eqns. 3 & 1 is the volume term (V1
V4). This term represents the amount of gas drawn into the cylinder
at T1& P1.
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY, Nv
Nv---- is used to describe to how efficienly gas is drawn into a
compressor.
Volume (mass) of gas drawn in
Max. possible amount of gas that
could be drawn in
The compressors function is to take gas in and raise its
pressure to a higher level. The volume of gas drawn in (during one
stroke) is a function of the piston displacement, V D.
Ideal vol. efficiency, Nvc =
Volume (mass) of gas drawn in
Max. possible amount of gas that
could be drawn in
SOLUTION:
= 3811 hp
. . . select a std. value from catalogs/ manufactures say
3825hp Ans.
SOLUTION:
# 2).
PROB#4).
REQUIRED is a reciprocating compressor with the ff. data:
1.) 1200 CFM of free air (capacity at 14.7 psia & 80F)
2.) to be compressed to 150psia using n= 1.35
3. ) intake pressure at location = 14psia
4.) % clearance = 3.
5.) medium speed in RPM
6. ) double- acting type; 1-stage
7.) electric motor driven
DETERMINE:
a). the compressor dimensions
b). probable mean indicated pressure
c) Bhp of acting motor
PROB#5). The piston displacement of ta double- acting compressor
is
0.358m3/sec, delivers gas from 101.325Kpa &
30K to 675Kpa at
theratio of 0.166m3/sec at 150RPM. Value
of n for compression
and expansion is 1.33. Find;
a). The compressors percent clearance; and
b). The bore and stroke assuming bore = stroke and
displacement of
crank end & head end are the same.
SOLUTION:
4
Fig.1
1st stage
Intercooler
2nd
stage
Compression
cooling H2O
compression
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
a). SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
ROATATIVE COMPRESSORS
Wk of Rotative Compressors
SOLUTION:
COMPARISON OF COMPRESSORS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
*Potter, P. J., Power Plant Theory & Design, The Ronald Press
Company, New York, 2nd Ed.