Road Construction

road
is athoroughfare, route, or way on land between two
placesthat has beenpavedor otherwise improved to
allow travel by foot or some other form ofconveyance.

PAVEMENT design
is the process of determining the thickness and
strength of a pavement laid on a soil foundation. for
the purpose of providing an even, non-skid, stable and
desirable surface, thereby permitting efficient, rapid
and safe flow of traffic in accordance with specified
loads.

Pavement Types
Flexible Pavement
generally consists of a relatively thin wearing surface
over a base course and sub-base course, And they rest
upon a compacted.

Rigid Pavement
applied to wearing surfaces constructed of Portland
cement concrete.

Flexible pavement
The surface course (or the wearing surface) is the
uppermost structural component of the pavement.
The base course is a layer of very high stability and
density.
The sub-base course is the portion of the pavement
structure between the subgrade and the base course.
The subgrade is the upper layer of the natural soil
which may be the undistributed local material or may be
soil excavated elsewhere and placed as fill.

Rigid pavement
concrete pavement consists only of three layers: (
1) the concrete slab or/ pavement, (
2) the sub-base or base)
3) the subgrade
The concrete slab is the uppermost structural layer of a rigid
pavement. The basic materials in the pavement slab are Portland
cement concrete, reinforcing steel (if any) and joint sealing materials.
The sub-base of a rigid pavement structure consists of one or more
compacted layers of granular or stabilized material placed between
the subgrade and the rigid slab. If the subgrade soils are of a
quality equal to a sub-base, no additional sub-base layer is
required.

Portland Cement Concrete

Pavement
refers to the rigid concrete layer of the pavement
structure that is in direct contact with the traffic
Typical concrete is composed of coarse aggregate
(crushed stone and gravel), fine aggregate such as
sand, Portland cement and water

Asphalt concrete pavement

is acomposite materialcommonly used to surface
roads,parking lots, andairports. It consists of
mineral aggregateboundtogether withasphalt, laid in
layers, and compacted

CONSTRUCTION METHODS
Preparation
Pulverization
Application of Cement
Mixing and Spreading
Compaction
Finishing
Curing

Preparation
the areas to be paved are graded and shaped as required
to construct the base course in conformance with grades,
lines and typical cross-section shown on the plans.
Unsuitable or excess material shall be removed, disposed
of and level at a designated disposal area.
The sub-grade shall be firm and able to support, without
displacement, the construction equipment and
compaction hereinafter specified.
Soft or yielding sub-grade shall be made stable before
construction proceeds.
When a central plant mix operation is used, material shall
be excavated to sub-grade level across the full width of
the street.

Pulverization
The soil shall be so pulverized that at the completion
of moist mixing, 100 percent by dry weight passes a
25 mm sieve,
a minimum of 80 percent passes a 5.0 mm sieve,
exclusive of gravel or stone retained on these sieves.

Application of Cement
No cement shall be spread or added to the soil when
the sub-grade is frozen or when the air temperature is
less than 4 degree Celsius.
When cement is applied, the percentage of moisture in
the soil shall not exceed by more than two (2)
percentage points the optimum moisture content for the
soil-cement mixture.
Cement shall be applied or added only to that material
which can be mixed, spread and compacted within six
(6) hours.
The specified quantity of Portland Cement shall be
uniformly distributed through the soil during the mixing
operation.

Mixing and Spreading

A. Road Mix Operation
Soil shall be scarified and pulverized prior to the application of cement.
When required by the Engineer, the loosened material shall be bladed
into one or more windrows of uniform cross-section, and of size such that
all material in one windrow can be passed through the mixing machine in
one operation.
Immediately after the cement has been spread, it shall be mixed with the
soil until they have been sufficiently blended to prevent the formation of
cement balls when water is applied.
Water shall then be incorporated into the mixture until it has reached the
required moisture content for compaction purposes.
The water shall be applied by pressure distributing equipment or other
approved means, in such a manner that excessive concentrations of
water are avoided.
After all mixing water has been applied, mixing continues until a uniform
and intimate mixture of soil, cement and water is obtained.

Mixing and Spreading

B. Central Plant-Mix Operation
The soil material, cement and water are mixed at a central mixing plant
of the pugmill or rotary drum type using a batch or continuous feed.
If a batch feed is used, the materials are proportioned by weight, and if
a continuous feed is used, the materials are proportioned by volume.
If the Contractor employs a continuous type mixer and feed, the soil
shall be drawn from storage bins or areas through adjustable calibrated
gates or fixed gate feeder with adjustable speed control.
The mixer shall be equipped with metering devices of an approved type
which introduce the cement and water into the mixer in desired
proportions.
The metering devices and soil feeder shall be interlocked and so
synchronized as to maintain a constant ratio between soil, cement and
water.

Compaction
The mixture shall be compacted within two (2) hours after the addition
of water.
Any soil and cement mixture which is not compacted and finished
shall not remain undisturbed for more than thirty (30) minutes.
At the start of compaction, moisture in the mixture shall be within two
(2) percentage points of the specified optimum moisture content. This
shall be determined by a moisture density test, ASTM Designation D558, on representative samples of the soil-cement mixture. Prior to
the beginning of compaction, the mixture shall be in a loose condition
for its full depth. Compaction shall be carried out on the loose material
until it has attained a uniform density of one hundred (100) percent of
the Maximum Design Density as determined by a moisture density
test, ASTM Designation D-558.
Compaction may be obtained by steel wheel, grid or pneumatic
rollers, vibratory or sheepsfoot packers or any other means approved
by the Engineer.

Finishing
the surface shall be smooth and free from cracks,
ridges and loose material.
Any ridges or undulations are removed by planing with
a motor grader and the resulting loose material
removed from the area.
The finishing and construction operations shall be
completed before six (6) hours has elapsed from the
time of addition of water to the mix. The surface of the
compacted base course shall be kept moist until a
curing seal has been applied.
Water shall be applied in a fine spray which does not
segregate the cement from the soil particles.

Curing
A curing seal of emulsified asphalt, type SS-1H shall
be applied to the dampened surface at a temperature
of 20C - 50C, and at a uniform rate of 2.5 litres per
square meter.
The seal covers the full width of the roadway and shall
be allowed to cure thoroughly before the Engineer
grants permission to pave.