Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Systems
Engr. Rashid Farid Chishti
chishti@iiu.edu.pk
Chapter 01: The AVR Microcontroller:
International Islamic University H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan
History
and Features
http://www.iiu.edu.pk
Microprocessor
Microcontroller
8-bit Microcontrollers
Embedded Systems
Embedded Products
Computing
PC
Notebook
Laptop
Storage
Color printer
Laser printer
Modem
Cable modem
Copier
Scanner
Digital camera
Cars
Anti-lock breaks
Air bags
Engine Control
Transmission
Control
Climate control
Collusion
avoidance
Navigation
Trip Computer
Instrumentation
Keyless entry
Communications
Wire-line Phone
Cellular Phones
PDA
Pager
Fax machine
Intercom
Cards
Banking
Electronic Purse
Social Security
Tolls
Embedded Products
Consumer
VCR, CD
Video games
DVD Player
Stereo
Smoke alarm
Camera
Remote Control
Garage Door
Opener
Security System
Consumer
Toys
Answering
machine
Camcorder
Musical
Instruments
Sewing
Machine
Exercise
equipment
Connectivity
Cable TV
Cable Modem
Router
Hub
Choosing a microcontroller
Architecture
von Neumann (Princeton) architecture.
The same bus is used for accessing both the code and data
Pentium Processor is based on von Neumann Architecture
Harvard architecture
1.
2.
3.
4.
Separate buses are used for accessing the code and data
memory.
That means that we need four sets of buses:
A set of data buses for carrying data into and out of the CPU,
A set of address buses for accessing the data,
A set of data buses for carrying code into the CPU, and
An address bus for accessing the code
This is easy to implement inside an IC chip such as a
microcontroller where both ROM code and data RAM are
internal (on-chip) and distances are on the micron and millimeter
scale
The AVR can be classified into four groups: Classic, Mega, Tiny,
and special purpose.
Classic AVR (AT90Sxxxx)
This is the original AVR chip, which has been replaced by newer
AVR chips. These are not recommended for new designs.
Mega AVR (ATmegaxxxx)
These are powerful microcontrollers with more than 120
instructions and lots of different peripheral capabilities, which can
be used in different designs. Some of their characteristics are as
follows:
Program memory: 4K to 256K bytes
Package: 28 to 100 pins
Extensive peripheral set
Extended instruction set: They have rich instruction sets.