V At

the end of lesson, students should be

able to:
‡ Describe the permeability of the plasma
membrane,
‡ Explain the movement of soluble substances
across the plasma membrane through the process
of passive transport
V All
cells are covered by a thin plasma
membrane.

V Itseparates the cell contents from the

surrounding

V 1972, ú
ú
   proposed the
fluid-mosaic model of plasma membrane.

ovement of Substances Across
the Plasma
embrane

By: Cikgu Rumaizah

V heplasma membrane is dynamic & fluid. he
phospholipid molecules can move thus giving
the membrane its fluidity & flexibility

V heproteins are scattered in the membrane

giving it a mosaic appearance

V Composed mainly of phospholipids and

proteins.
V hemembrane consists of
a phospholipid bilayer (2
molecules thick)
V he a
 a
 
heads ± outer layer face
outwards, chemically
attracted to the watery
surrounding (love water)
V he § § a

 a
 hydrocarbon
fatty acid tails ± face
inwards, away from water.
V here are proteins on the outer & inner
surfaces of the plasma membrane.
V Someproteins penetrate a

 through the
membrane, others penetrate a

.
V wo types of transport proteins:
‡ ²§§
a  a  §

‡ ² a  §

‡ Other carrier proteins ± function in active transport Ý

actively pumps the solute across the cell membrane
against the concentration gradient.
V he plasma membrane acts as a a


a  

 
§ (

 
 )and selectively controls the
movement of substances in and out of a
cell.

V ôactorsthat determine whether a molecule

can pass through the plasma membrane
are the
 and a
 of the molecule.
‡ What are the substances required by cells?

‡ What are the substances that need to be eliminated

from cells?

‡ Explain the necessity for the movement of

substances across the plasma membrane.
ã

 §
a    §
a 
‡ D s  t rq ir cll t ‡ Rq ir cll t s rgy
s rgy t 
  lc ls thr gh cll
r 

t f
s st cs
cr ss

V Does not require a cell to use energy.

V Consists of:
1. Simple diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. ôacilitated diffusion
V Random movement of  §
or 



from a region of   concentration to a
region of
  concentration gradient
 § § § § §until an
equilibrium is achieved.

High Low
concentration concentration
V Physical process ± can be observed in
liquid or gases.
V DOES NO REQUIRE ENERGY!

Syste reached
a Õ
 
 
  j
c ctr ti 
r it 
l r ist

<<BACK
V
ovement of freely moving water
molecules from a region of low solute
concentration to a region of high solute
concentration through a semi-permeable
membrane.
V
 ›
›
›
›
 
›
› 
›
›

V Involves
WAER only!
V DOES NO REQUIRE ENERGY!
<<BACK
 V
ovement of substances across plasma
membrane with the aid of pore/ channel
and carrier proteins , down the
concentration gradient.
²



 ?


?
 

?

 



ã

     ?  ?   

V DOES NO REQUIRE ENERGY!

 he following information is about plasma membrane.

he plasma membrane is semi permeable and allow certain substances to

move across.
Based on the above statement, describe and explain
the movement of the following substances across the
plasma membrane.
i. O2 and CO2
ii. H2O
iii. Vitamin K
iv. Glucose
V Requires ENERGY and carrier protein to move molecules
or ions across the plasma membrane against
concentration gradient.
V Energy: comes from AP (adenosine triphosphate)
generated during respiration in mitochondria
V Carrier protein:
‡ has an active site to bind with molecule and another
active site to bind with AP.
‡ changes shape when phosphate group from AP binds
to it. hen, the solute is moved across the membrane.
V Ex: Absorption of water and intake of ions in plants
Name the process of the passive and active
transport involved in living organisms:

1. Gaseous exchange in the alveoli and blood

capillaries Ý Simple diffusion

2. Absorption of digested food in the villus Ý

ôacilitated diffusion

3. Absorption of water by root hairs of a plant Ý

Osmosis

4. Ion intake by root hairs of a plant Ý

Active transport
4th
arch 2010
 Ú   
 § §
Hypotonic A solution with higher water potential than another solution
Hypertonic A solution with lower water potential than another solution
Isotonic A solution with same water potential with another solution
Haemolysis he bursting of red blood cells
Crenation he shrinking of red blood cells
Plasmolysis A shrinking of cytoplasm due to osmosis
Deplasmolysis A process of a cell gaining its turgidity back
 V Isotonic solution is a solution in which the solute
concentration is equal to that of the cytoplasmic fluid.

ANI
AL CELLS PLAN CELLS
V Water diffuses into and out of cell at equal rate.
V Hence, the cell retains its normal shape.
V Likewise with the plant cell.
 V Hipotonic solution is a solution in which the solute
concentration outside a cell is lower than the
concentration of solute in side the cell.
Animal cells
V Water enters the cell and
causes it to swell up and
eventually to burst(red blood
cell).
V his is because the plasma
membrane is too thin to
withstand the
V pressure.
V he bursting of red blood cells
is known as haemolysis.
 Plant cells
V Water enters the large central V his condition creates turgor
vacuole of the cell, causing pressure. urgidity is important
the vacuole to expand and to support, give shape, and
swell up causing the guard cell to swell
V Plasma membrane pushes so that the stomata remains
against the cell wall Ý cell open for photosynthesis.
become turgid.
V he cell does not burst
because the rigid cell wall
able to withstand the
pressure.
 V Hipertonic solution is a solution in which the solute
concentration in the solution is higher than the solute
concentration in the cell.
Animal cells
‡ here is a net movement of
water from inside to outside of
the cell.
‡his causes the cell to shrink.
In red blood cell, the cell shrivel
and the plasma
membrane crinkles up.
‡he cell has undergone
crenation
 Plant cells
‡ Water diffuses out of vacuole
through osmosis.
‡ Both vacuole and cytoplasm
shrink and plasma membrane
pulls away from cell wall
(plasmolysis).
‡Cell becomes flaccid causes the
plant to become limp and stem
to drop (wilting). he cell can
deplasmolysed by immersing it
back to hypotonic solution.
Ý S
§ã
§

V Wilting occurs in plants when too much
fertilizers like potassium nitrate is given.
V oo much fertilizers cause the soil to turn
hypertonic to the plant cell.
V As a result, water diffuses from the cell sap
into the soil by osmosis and the cell is
plasmolysed.
V Water shortage in soil also causes the
plant to wilt.
Ý ô ã
 §
V ôood such as mushrooms, fruits and fish
can be preserved using natural
preservatives (salt and sugar).
V he preservative makes the surroundings
more hypertonic to the food and causes
water to leave through osmosis.
V he food becomes dehydrated.
icrobes
loses water to the surrounding and dies.
V he proper functioning of plasma membrane
is important to:

Ý
aintain a suitable pH and ionic
concentration inside the cell for enzymatic
activities
Ýo obtain certain food supplies for energy
and raw materials
V Ýo remove toxic substances