By: Prof H A PATEL

DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Contents
Introduction
Solar cooling path and local conditions
Performances
Refrigerants
Heat-driven systems
Electricity-driven systems
Comparisons
Review from the ISES congress

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
 3 D e
0 0 ° C s
1
h e a t5 0 ° C
S F ol a l t a P r l aT At he
E T C
C C o o7n 0lc l ° ee C nc t t r oa
- F 1 l 0a 0t °P C l a t e
electricity
P hotovoltaics

- E v a
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
E Va j t eea
c u
 Performance
• COP of the refrigeration sub-system
– Thermal-driven system
Qe
COP =
(Qin + W )
– Electricity-driven system
Qe
COPelec =
W

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
 System Performance
• STR (System Thermal Ratio)?
Qe
STR =
Qs

• SEE (System electrical efficiency)?

Qe
SEE =
W
• System efficiency??
Qe
ηsystem =
(Qs + W )

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
 Working fluids

• Solar collector Q s

sub-cycle S o l a r C o ll e c t o r

• Refrigeration sub- G e n e r a t o r
W
cycle P u m p
Q c

C o n d e n sE 5 e j e r c t o r

T h r o t t l e
v a l v e

E v a p o r a t o r

Q e

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
 Refrigerants

1. Physical and thermodynamics characteristics

2. Environmental impact
3. Safety
4. Economic and availability

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Basic Refrigeration Cycle
Condenser

Compressor

Exp. electricity
device PV

Evaporator

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Heat-driven
Absorption
systems
S
col olar
Condenser lec
tor
Generator
Heat
exchanger

Exp valve
Regulating
valve Pump

Evaporator
Absorber

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Heat-driven systems
Adsorption
Condenser
Condenser Desorbed
vapour

Sorber

Sorber
Evaporator
Qcs Evaporator

Refrigeration Regeneration

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Heat-driven systems
Chemical reaction
Condenser
gas

Reservoir
Captor-adsorber generator

Evaporator
liquid

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Heat-driven systems
Desiccant system

Humidifier

Heater

Humidifier
Desiccant Wheel Heat Exchanger
Wheel

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
 Heat-driven systems
• Rankine

Electricity
production

Boiler Condenser

Pump Alternator Exp.

Turbine Compressor device
Condenser Evaporator

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Heat-driven systems
Ejector

Solar Collector

Generator
Pump
Ejector
Condenser
Exp.
device
Evaporator

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
PV-driven systems
Thermo-electric (Peltier)
Q1
Hot side
Heat rejecting surface
t1
P N P N P N
t2
Heat absorbing surface
Cold side
Q2 PV

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
PV-driven systems
Heat
Stirling source

Regenerator
Heat
exchanger Heat
Exchanger

Cold Hot
side side

Expansion Compression
space space

Co
mp n
pis ress n sio
ton ion pa on
Ex pist

06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Photovoltaic-driven systems
Power
for 1 W of
refrigeration Working
Systems COP Applications Advantages Disadvantages
effect Fluids
(W)
Vapor-compression
Condenser - High COP - Installation cost is high
- Long term experience and it requires battery
Compressor
R134a, for energy backup.
and widely commercial
Exp.
device
electricity
PV
12-50 3-5 R290, Refrigeration
available
or etc.
- Adjustable from a
Evaporator small to a large system

Thermo-electric (Peltier)
- No working fluid and - Low COP
Q1
Hot side
no moving parts - Difficult to achieve a low
Heat rejecting surface - Quiet refrigeration
t1 - Small size and light temperature
P N P N P N
t2
A few W 0.5 - Refrigeration weight - Low reliability especially
when the power supply
Heat absorbing surface is cut.
Cold side
Q2 PV

Stirling
Heat
source
- High COP for high - High production cost
temperature difference - Complexity in design
Regenerator

Heat
exchanger Heat
Exchanger
- Can be used for
Cold Hot
cryogenic applications
side side and it is mechanically
He, more simple than other
Expansion
space
Compression
space
3-17 3 H2, Refrigeration application for low
Air temperature operation.
Co
mp
pis ress ion - Environmental friendly
ns
ton ion pa on
Ex pist working fluid
- Mobility and light
weight

Remark: COP is a coefficient of performance 06M55(8TH

of the refrigeration sub-system. It shows how much heat can be removed from a cold region for
MECHANICAL)
each unit of energy used.
Solar thermal-driven systems
Gen. /
Regen. Working
Systems COP Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Temp. Fluids
(°C)
Absorption
So
- Only one moving part - Low COP
coll lar
Condenser ect (pump) with possibly no - It cannot achieve a very low
Generator
or
0.6-0.8 NH 3/H 2O, Refrigeration moving part for a small evaporating temperature.
Heat
exchanger
80-190 (single stage) H2O/LiCl, and system - The system is quite
Exp valve
Regulating
valve Pump
1.3 H2O/LiBr Air-condition - Low-temperature heat complicated.
(2 stages) supply is possible.
Evaporator

Absorber

Adsorption - High weight and poor thermal

- No moving part (except conductivity of the adsorbent.
Condenser valve) For high capacity system, it
Condenser Desorbed
vapour can cause long-term
- Low operating problems.
H2O/Zeolite, temperature can be
Sorber - Low operating pressure
Methanol/ achieved.
80-300 0.3-0.8 Activated
Refrigeration
- Thermal COP is quite
requirement makes it difficult
to achieve air-tightness.
Sorber carbon high compared to other
Evaporator
Evaporator
- Very sensitive to low
Qcs
heat operating system. temperature especially the
decreasing temperature
Refrigeration Regeneration
during nighttime.
- It is an intermittent system.
Desiccant
- Environmentally - It cannot function properly
friendly, water is used in a humid area.
as the working fluid. - It is not appropriate for an
Humidifier
- Can be integrated with area where water is
40-100 0.5-1.5 water Air-condition
a ventilation and scarcity.
Heater
heating system. - Requires maintenance due
Humidifier
to moving part in a rotor
Desiccant Wheel Heat Exchanger
Wheel
wheel.

Ejector
- Low temperature heat - Low COP
Solar Collector Water, source can be used.
butane,
Generator - Low operating and
Pump 80-150 0.3-0.8 R141b, Air-condition
installation cost.
Condenser
Ejector
R245fa,
Exp. or etc.
device
Evaporator 06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)