Components of

the
temporomandibul
A, articular
ar
jointeminence
C, condyle;
D, articular disc
E, external auditory meatus
L, lateral pterygoid muscle
R, retrodiscal tissue

Masticatory system as a
functional unit
1. Jaws
2. Teeth
3. Temporomandibular joints (tmjs)
4. Associated ligaments
5. Muscles of mastication
6. Tongue
7. Cheeks
8. Lips
9. Sensory motor innervation (and vasculature)

In the edentulous patient

Lost
Teeth
Periodontal ligament nerves

Tongue and other structures

Functional anatomy
Control and limits of jaw and joint motion
Relationships
Control of the lips
Physiological environment

Ideal occlusion
That are harmonious with the existing tmjs

and masticator)1 muscles

Stable occlusal contacts
Vertical dimension of occlusion

Complexity of mandibular
movements

Many different mandibular movements occur

during
Mastication
Speech
Swallowing
Respiration
Facial expression
Parafunctional movements

Bruxism
Clenching

Knowledgeable of
mandibular
movements

To understand various aspects of occlusion

To arrange artificial teeth

To select and adjust recording devices and

articulators

Factors that regulate jaw

motion
The direction of the movement
Neuromuscular system

Limited by the movement of

The two condyles
And the guiding influences of the contacting teeth
The condyles and teeth modify mandibular

movements initiated by the neuromuscular

system

Influence of opposing tooth

contacts
The manner in which the teeth occlude is related
Occlusal surfaces of the teeth
Muscles.
Tmjs
Neurophysiological components
Including the patient's mental well-being

Occlusal surfaces of the teeth should meet

Evenly on both sides.
Mandible is not deflected its normal path of
closure
Arc the dentures displaced from the residual
ridges

When mandibular
movements
are
made

With the opposing teeth of complete dentures

in contact
The inclined planes of the teeth should pass

over one another smoothly

Not disrupt the influences of the condylar

guidance posteriorly and the incisal

guidance anteriorly.

All mandibular motion is

either
ROTATION
or
Rotational movements
TRANSLATION
In the lower compartment of the TMJ
Between the superior surface of the condyles

and the inferior surface of the articular disk.

Translatory, or gliding, movements of the

mandible
Take place in the upper compartment of the TMJ
Between the superior surface of the articular disk

as it moves with the condyles and the inferior

surface of the glenoid fossa.

In a healthy
joint
The condyle is in a
superoanterior position in the
fossa with the articular disc
interposed when the teeth
are in maximum
intercuspation

In a healthy
joint
In the initial stage of opening,
the condyle rotates in
position, with the disc
remaining stationary

In a healthy
joint
In maximum opening, the
condyle translates forward,
with the disc still interposed

Muscular involvement in jaw

motion

Increased activity during

Any jaw movement.
Movement of the mandible
Fixation on a given position
Stabilization

Neuromuscular regulation of
mandibular
motion
Mastication is a programmed event
In a "chewing center"
Located within the brain stem
Probably in the reticular formation of the pons

Conscious effort
Not required for the continuation of chewing
Either induce or terminate chewing
Sensory impulses
From the orofacial region
Modify the basic cyclic pattern of the chewing
center to achieve optimal function

Jaw
reflexes
Periphera
l
influence
s

Motion regulation
The impulses initiated at the subconscious

level can produce involuntary movements

or modify voluntary movements
Impulses from the subconscious level,

including the reticular activation system, also

regulate muscle tone, which plays a primary
role in the physiological rest position of the
mandible

Envelop of motion

The Envelope of Motion

limits of possible

motion and certain

mandibular reference
positions

Envelope of
motion
(mandibular
border movement
CO, Centric
occlusion;
area)
in the
sagittal plane.
CR, centric relation;

MHO, maximum hinge-

opening position

MO, point of maximum

opening of the jaws

P, most protruded

position of the mandible

with the teeth in contact
Rest, postural rest

position

Envelope of
motion
(mandibular
CO, Centric occlusion
border
movements) in
MO, point of maximum
the
frontal
plane
opening
of the jaws
Rest, postural rest

position.

Postural rest position of the

mandible
hypotheses

Active mechanism

This position is assumed only when the

muscles that close the jaws and those that

open the jaws are in a state of minimal
contraction to maintain the posture of the
mandible.

Passive mechanism
Tolds that the elastic elements of the jaw
musculature, and not only muscle activity,
balance the influence of gravity.

The current consensus is

that
the
physiological
rest
Actively determined.
position
Usually 2 to 4 mm below the maximum
intercuspation position
EMG rest position is usually several millimeters
lower than in the clinical rest position.
Up to an interocclusal distance of about 10 mm

More accurate to refer to a "range of posture"

rather than to a single rest position.

Rest position of the

mandible
Relative stable for reasonable lengths of time.

Factors can influence the postural rest position

Wear
Loss of teeth
Aging
General health factors
Position of the head

Head is reclined

The distance between the teeth is less

Head is inclined

The distance is greater.

Therefore the patient's head should be upright and

unsupported

The mandible moves about a

horizontal axis, as seen in a hinge
axis opening.

Mandibular movement occurs

around a vertical axis during a
lateral excursion.

The mandible also rotates around a

sagittal axis when one side drops
down during a lateral excursion.

A protrusive movement occurs

when the mandible moves
forward

When the mandible moves into a

left lateral excursion
the right condyle (A)
moves forward and

inward

while the left condyle

(B)
will shift slightly in a

lateroposterior
direction.

Bennett angle
(S'PB)
The Bennett angle

used in articulators
with an immediate
lateral translation
capability is measured
from the sagittal plane
after the

(I)
immediate or early

lateral translation has

occurred.

Bennett angle
In the nonworking
condyle
The "traditional"
Bennett angle
(NW)
(SCB)
measures the angle

from the sagittal

plane to the endpoint
of the movement of
the condyle center.

The farther anterior

a tooth
the less the

influence of the
temporomandibular
joint (TMJ)
the greater the
influence of the
anterior guidance
(AG).