CROSS REGULATOR

The cross regulator is provided to effect equitable distribution of

supplies amongst the distributary and parent canal, to raise water
level when supply in the parent canal is low, to release surplus
water from canal, in conjunction with escapes, or to provide means
for cutting off supplies to the downstream side for repairs etc.
The criteria for the Hydraulic Design of cross regulators for canals
is as per I.S. code: 7114 1973 (reprint December, 1979).

1) DRIVING HEAD:
The driving head is the difference between the water levels on U/S
and D/S side of the regulator. This is provided to allow the passage
of required discharge on D/S through the regulator at full supply
level.

2) FLUMING RATIO:
Depending upon the driving head (fully utilizing the driving head)
the regular width may be flumed up to a maximum of 50% of the
canal width to economize the cost of the structure.

3) HUMP AT THE REGULATOR

SRUCTURE

A hump is provided below the regulator gates creating a fall on the D/S
side for the following reasons.
(a) To trap silt carried by the water on the U/S side of the regulator.
(b) To reduce the depth of flow over the hump to increase velocity
through the vents and economize the gate structure.

(c) Hump is created in the glacis drops to increase the efficiency of flow
of water to D/S side.
(d) To negotiate the difference of levels if any in the canal bed levels on
the U/S and D/S side of the regulator.

4) DISCHARGE FORMULA

Q = C Bt H3/2
Where Q = D/S full supply discharge in m3 /sec
C = Co-efficient of discharge
Bt = Clear water way in metres.
H = Head over crest i.e. Full supply level on the U/S + head
due to velocity of approach crest level.
The value of C is determined using Malikpur graph (a graph drawn
between drowning ratio and co-efficient of discharge based on
experiments).

5) HEIGHT OF
HUMP
Crest level is calculated as per CWC, Manual i.e, Crest level = U/s
TEL head over crest (H)
The height of crest above up stream bed level should not be more
than 0.4 H. Glacis profile is calculated as per CWC manual with 2:1
slopes to negotiate the levels and smooth curves at the junctions.
The radius of curvature to be adopted is H/2 on up steam and H
on downstream as specified therein.

6) ENERGY DISSIPATION:

D/s floor of the regulator is depressed to form a cistern to dissipate

energy. Since the U/s and D/s C.B.Ls and F.S.Ls are almost the
same in the NSP Canals and distributaries, the energy dissipation
arrangement is quite simple. To dissipate energy at low flows
through regulator the cistern with water cushion with a minimum
length and deflector wall at the end of the cistern are provided. On
main system the hydraulic jump calculations are to be done for
different opening conditions i.e., , , and full supply. Further if
there are more than one vent, these calculations have to be made
for different conditions of vents opening. The height and length of
jump in each case is to be found. Based on these calculations the
depth and length of cistern will be fixed. Refer I.S:49971968 or
Small Dams by USBR.

7) EXIT GRADIENT AND FLOOR THICKNESS

When there is no water on D/s of the regulator and water at FSL

on U/s, the exit gradient is to be calculated and the thickness of
floor has to be designed for the uplift pressures at various
sections. The formula for exist gradient is:
GE =
1 x
( )
d

Where: = 1 + 1 + 2
2

b
d

H = difference between crest level and downstream bed level in m

b = length of impervious floor in m
d = depth of downstream curtain wall in m

8) U/s & D/s CURTAIN WALLS

Scour depths are to be calculated at the U/s and D/s transition ends
and the curtain walls to be taken up to 1.5 times the scour depth.

9) PIERS

Piers to be designed considering hoist loads, load due to water

thrust on gates, wind pressure and water currents. Whenever a
road bridge is provided the live load moments, tractive force and
braking force etc., are to be considered while checking the
stability.

10) ABUTMENTS
Abutments to be designed with super imposed loads, live load
moments, tractive force and braking force and the earth pressure
behind them.

11) WINGS AND RETURNS

Conventional Wings and returns to be designed for the earth
pressures with T.V.A. procedure considering as 32 degrees and
as 16 degrees.

12) BED PROTECTION

U/s and D/s canal bed and sides are to be protected with C.C.
lining in M 15 grade concrete with profile walls at the end. The
thickness of lining is normally the same as for the remaining
length of the canal in the reach.

13) OPERATION PLATFORM

It is in VRCC M 20 grade, designed for its self weight plus forces
transmitted through the screw rod or the hoist and crowd load of
400 kg/ sqm.

14) GATES AND HOISTS

Either sliding type or fixed wheel type gates are provided depending
on the size of opening. Electrically or manually operated hoist
arrangement is to be made to operate the gates.

FIG.16

CANAL FALL (DROP)

The canal fall or drop is required to be provided, whenever, the

natural slope of the country is steeper than the bed slope of the
canal and the difference in levels is adjusted by constructing a fall
or drop. Drops become necessary in the case of distributaries,
which are generally aligned along the ridge for commanding the
area on either side. There are two main types of falls.
(i) Type I: Vertical drop:
In this type of fall, the nappe impinges clear into the water cushion
below. The dissipation of energy is effected by the turbulant
diffusion as the high velocity jet enters the deep pool of water
downstream.

(ii) Type II: Glacis fall:

This type utilizes the principal of standing wave for dissipation of

energy. This type of fall can be divided into following three classes.
(a) Straight glacis with baffle platform and baffle wall.
(b) Straight glacis without baffle platform and baffle wall.
(c) Modified glacis type.
The falls are further divided into:
(d) Flumed or unflumed falls and
(e) Meter or non meter falls.
As per the Central Water Commissions Manual on falls, the
following table indicates the type of falls to be selected for the
given discharge and height of drop.

Sl.
No.

Discharge (Q) in cumecs

Drop
(HL) in
metres

Type
Unflumed
Clear over-fall

2
3

High Discharge & High

Falls Q > 15

HL > 1

Baffle type (suitable up to

retrogression of 25% also)

Flumed
Drowned

Clear
over-fall

Drowned

Baffle type

Baffle
type

Straight Glacis
or Baffle type

High Discharge & Low

Falls Q > 15
Low Discharge & High
Falls Q < 15

HL > 1

Baffle type

Modified
Glacis type

Baffle
type

Straight Glacis
type

HL > 1

Baffle or Glacis type

Baffle
type

Straight Glacis
type

Low Discharge & Low

Falls Q < 15

HL < 1

Baffle or
Glacis type
depending
on merit of
each
Modified
Glacis type

Q<8

All
drops

Baffle or Glacis or Vertical type

Baffle or Glacis type`
depending on economy and
Glacis
suitability at site
type
Vertical type is suitable, selection of other types depends on consideration
of cost

The Design Circular No. 35/1807 dated 2.2.1978 of CE., N.S.L.C.

stipulated the type of drop to be adopted for different discharges and
heights of drops.
Glacis type drop:

Design Procedure:
(1) Clear width of throat (Bt): The fluming of Canal should not exceed
the limits given below subject to the condition that over all width
of throat is not more than Bed width of channel on the
downstream side.

1)
2)
3)

Height of drop
Percentage of fluming
Up to 1.0 m
66%
Over 1.0 m to 3.0 m 75%
Above 3.0 m 85%

2) Crest Level: The Crest level is fixed by working out D using formulae
Q - = C. Bt. D 3/2
Where Q = discharge in cumec
C = co-efficient of discharge depending on the drowning ratio. Up to 70%
fluming
C = 1.84 can be adopted and above that, it is to be read from Malikpur
graph
Bt = Throat width in m.
D = Depth of crest below U/S TEL in m
After calculating value of D from the formula, crest level is fixed with the
equation:
Crest level = U/S TEL D

3)

Length of Crest: 2/3x D.

4) Height of Crest: Should not be greater than 0.4 D, above the

upstream canal bed level.
5) D/S Glacis: In the case of baffle type glacis drops, glacis slope is to
be 2/3: 1 joined tangentially to the crest on the U/S side and baffle
platform on the downstream side with radius equal to D. In the
case of straight glacis provide glacis slope of 2:1 with radius of
curvature as D at the junction with the crest at the upstream end
and pavement at the downstream end.
6) U/S Glacis: Glacis slope is to be : 1 joined tangentially to the crest
with a radius equal to D/2.

7) Protection:
(i)
Length of U/S protection: 3 times F.S.D. or as per the standard fixed
by the project authority. The protection is in CC M 15 grade with
profile walls at the end.
(ii)
Length of D/S protection: 4 (d + h) where d = d/s F.S.D. and
h
= difference in F.S.Ls or as per the standard fixed by the project
authority. The protection is in CC M 15 grade with profile walls at
the end.
8) Glacis fall without baffle:
(i)

The hydraulic jump is calculated to be the most efficient means of

dissipating the energy. To
ensure formation of the hydraulic
jump, it is necessary that the depth of tail water flowing at sub
critical velocity in the canal downstream should bear the following
relation to hypercritical depth of flow at the toe of glacis:

dx = -d2
g

2v2

d2

+ d22

Where v2 = velocity of water at the formation of jump

d2 = hyper critical depth at formation of jump
dx = sub critical depth in canal on downstream side
The values of d2 and dx are calculated from the following formulas
dx for unflumed falls = 0.985 q0.52 x Hx0.21
For flumed falls d1x = Hx - HL + dx (unflumed)
Where = Hx
HL
K 0.152
Hx = calculated drop in m
HL = actual drop in m
K = fluming ratio (D/S bed width / throat width).
d2 = 0.183 q0.89 x Hx - 0.35

ii)

Cistern: The cistern level is obtained by subtracting the value of

1.25 dx or 1.25 dx1, as the case may be, from the downstream full
supply level of the canal or 1.25 Ef2 from the downstream total
energy level, which ever gives the lower level. Ef2 is the energy of
flow in the canal after formation of the hydraulic jump.
The length of the cistern is equal to 5 Ef2. The cistern is joined to
the downstream bed at a slope of 1 in 5.

9) Glacis fall with baffle:

The dimensions of the baffle platform and baffle wall are determined
from the relationship given below:
(i) R.L of Baffle platform: D/S F.S.L. d1x.
(ii) Height of Baffle wall (Hb) = dc d2
Where, d2 = Hyper - critical depth at the point of formation of
standing wave.

d2 = 0.183 (q)

0.89

Hx -0.35

dc = Critical depth
dc =

q2
g

1/3

q = discharge per meter width.

R.L. of Baffle wall = R.L. of Baffle Platform + Hb.
(iii) Thickness of Baffle wall = 2/3 x Hb
(iv) Length of Baffle Platform Lb = 5.25 (Hb)
The baffle platform should join the toe of glacis with a radius equal to D
and the baffle wall with a radius R = 2/3 Hb

v) Cistern:
(a)
Depth of cistern: D/S FSD/10 subject to a min of 15 cm for
distributaries and minors and 30 cm for main canals and branches.
(b) R.L. of the cistern = D/S bed level depth of cistern
(c)
(d)

10)

Length of cistern = 5 times down stream F.S.D.

R.L. of the deflector wall = D/S CBL + D/S F.S.D/ 10
Friction blocks and glacis blocks:
(i) Glacis fall with baffle

(a) If the height of drop is less than 2.0 meters, friction blocks and
glacis blocks are not required. If the height of drop is more than 2.0
m, two rows of friction blocks staggered in plan are to be provided.

Size of friction blocks:

Height (h) = 0.262 dx,
Length (L) = h
Top width (W) = 2h / 3
Distance between two rows = h.
The downstream edge of downstream row of friction blocks shall be
provided at a distance of one third length of cistern from the end of the
cistern floor.
b) Glacis blocks: Single row of glacis blocks of same size as friction
blocks is to be provided at the toe of the glacis.
(ii) Glacis fall without baffle

Four rows of friction blocks staggered in plan are to be provided in the

case of flumed falls. The upstream edge of first row of blocks may be at
a distance of 5 times the height of blocks from the toe of glacis.
Size of friction blocks:
Height (h) = D/S FSD
8

Height (L) = 3h
Height (W) = 2h

3
Distance between rows = 2h
3
11) Deflector wall:
In glacis falls, a deflector wall of height equal to one tenth of the
downstream FSD is provided at the downstream end of the cistern.
The minimum height should be 15 cm.

12) Curtain wall:

i) Depth of U/S curtain wall = U/S FSD subject to minimum of 0.50 m
3
ii) Depth of D/S curtain wall = D/S FSD subject to minimum of 0.50 m
2
These should be checked with scour depth formulae with suitable factor of
safety. Downstream cut off can be increased suitably to reduce the thickness of
floor.
13

(i) Exit gradient and uplift pressure:

H = difference between crest level and D/S CBL
d
depth of D/S curtain wall

b = length of impervious floor

d
depth of D/S curtain wall

After working out values of H/d and b/d, find the value of exit gradient
GE from the graph in plate 16 of CWC manual on falls. The GE depends
upon the soils, but it should be less than 0.30.
Uplift Pressure:
(a) U/S curtain wall:
1 = d = depth of D/S curtain wall
b length of impervious floor
Find out corresponding value of E = from graph i.e., from plate 17 of
CWC manual on falls.

% of residual head E1 = 100 - E

b) At the d/s cut off wall
1 = d = depth of D/S curtain wall

b length of impervious floor

Find out the corresponding value of E from graph i.e, from plate 17
CWC manual on falls.
ii) Thickness of floor: The uplift pressures at toe of glacis, at the end of
baffle and at the end of cistern are worked out by interpolation for
fixing the thickness of floor.
Thickness of floor at toe glacis:
% age of pressure @ toe of glacis
= E at D/s + ( E1 E D/s) X L/b
b = total length of impervious floor.
L = Length of floor up to toe of glacis from D/S end.
Thickness of floor at the toe of glacis
= %age of pressure @ toe of glacis x H
100 x ( 1)
Where is specific gravity of CC i.e., 2.4

Similar method is to be adopted for calculating thickness of floor at the

end of the baffle, at the end of cistern etc.
FIG.17

FIG.18

Vertical drop:
Design procedure:
1) a) Throat width Bt = B.W. of canal (If canal bed width on upstream and
downstream are different, lower of the two).
b) Crest Level:
Crest level is obtained by working out value of D (depth of crest below
upstream TEL) from the following formula.
Q = C x Bt D 1/6 x D

3/2

Lt
Where Bt = Throat width in m
C = Coefficient of discharge usually taken as 1.835
Lt = Length of crest in m
D = Depth of crest below upstream TEL in m
U/S T.E.L = U/S FSL + Velocity head
R.L. of crest = U/S TEL D

2) Cistern:
A cistern is provided at the toe of the drop by suitably depressing the
floor below the downstream bed of the canal.
a) Depth of cistern = (HL x D) 2/3 in m.
4
D = depth of crest below U/s TEL.
R.L. of cistern = D/s CBL depth of cistern.
b) Length of cistern = 5 (HL x D) in m.
(3) Length of throat or crest (Lt):
Lt = 0.55 D in m subject to a min. of 0.50 m.
(4) Thickness of crest wall at base:
T = 0.5 x D1 in m, where D1 = RL of crest RL of cistern

5) U/S and D/S Protections:

i) Length of U/s protection= 1 times the U/S FSD or as per standard
fixed by the Project authority.
ii) Length of D/s protection = 3 times the D/S FSD or as per standard
fixed by the Project authority.
6) Exit Gradient & Uplift pressures
a) Exit gradient:
H = R.L. of crest D/S CBL.
d = depth of D/S curtain wall off = FSD/ 2 or as per the requirement
to bring the exit gradient within the limit.
b = Length of impervious Floor = Foundation offsets + width of drop
wall + length of cistern + width of curtain wall.

 = b/d,
GE =

= 1 + 1 + 2

2
exist gradient =

b) Uplift pressures:
(a) U/S face of crest wall
d= U/S CBL Bottom
of foundation concrete.
1
=
d

b
E is read from Plate 17 of CWC manual on falls

At the end of floor

1 = d

b.
E is read from Plate 11.1 (a) of CWC
manual on fall (enclosed)
Thickness of Floor at the d/s Face of drop
wall is interpolated considering the
pressures at the face of crest wall and at
the end of floor.
Absolute pressure = (% Pressure) x H m of
water column. 100
P = 75% of Absolute pressure for soils
other than pervious soils

Thickness of floor = P, where = 2.40 1

c) Friction Blocks:
For discharge exceeding 3 cumec, two rows
of friction blocks staggered in plan may be
provided in cistern. The downstream edge of
downstream row should be at a distance of
one third the length of the cistern from the
downstream end of cistern floor.
Size of friction blocks:
Length (L) = 1 x Downstream F.S.D.
8
Height (h) = 1 x Downstream F.S.D.
8

Top width (w) = 1 x height of subject to

minimum of 8 cm, joined to floor on the
4 downstream side with a slope of 1:1
Clear space between rows = height of the blocks.
Vertical type core wall drop: (CE NSLC
Circular No. DW.150/ 3845 S, 3-9-1980)
Various components of the vertical type drop with
core wall for different ranges of discharges i.e., 1.5
cumec to 1 cumec, 1 cumec to 0.5 cumec, 0.5
cumec to 0.1 cumec, 0.1 cumec and below and for
various heights of drops i.e., 0.6 m, 0.8 m, 1.0 m,
1.2 m and 1.5 m with clear over fall are given in
table I and II. The same may be adopted for the
drops on the distributories having discharge 1.5
cumec and below.

For drops in silty or clayey soils the

following modifications may be adopted
(Design Circular No. 35/1807 dated
2.2.1978 of C.E., N.S.L. Canals).
(a) For drops of 1.5 m and above, for all
discharges, wings and returns may be
provided.
(b) For drops less than 1.5 m height and
discharge above 1 cumec, wings and
returns may be provided.
Following are the recommendations of the
Expert Committees on design of drops on
distributary system.

(a) For drops with height of less than or equal to

0.60 m and discharge of less than 50 cusec,
unflumed core wall type drops may be
provided.
(b) For drops with height more than 0.60 m and
discharge between 50 and 100 cusec,
unflumed vertical drops with wings and
returns may be provided.
(c) For drops with discharges more than 100
cusec, straight flumed drops may be provided.
Where fluming ratio as per codel provision
could not be adopted for drops of height less
than 0.60 m, unflumed vertical or unflumed
core wall type drop may be provided.

TABLE No. I
DETAILS OF COMPONENTS OF
VERTICAL TYPE DROPS WITH

Disc
harg
eQ
(cu
m)

H
ei
g
ht
of
dr
o
p

D
ep
th
of
ci
st
er
n
be
lo
w
D/
S
B.
L
(x
)

Le
ngt
h
of
cre
st
(Lt.
)

Th
ro
at
wi
dt
h
(B
t.)

Depth of crest
below U/S T.E.L (D)

Hei
ght
of
cre
st
abo
ve
U/S
B.L
(D1
)

B
ot
to
m
wi
dt
h
of
dr
op
w
all
(L
W
)

Le
n
gt
h
of
ap
ro
n
(L
a)

W
id
th
of
ap
ro
n
(
W
a)

Thi
ck
ne
ss
of
ap
ro
n
(ta
)

0.80
1.5 to
1.0

0.8
1.0
1.2
1.5

0.15
0.17
0.19
0.22

0.6 0.12
0.8 0.14

0.8
0.3
0.8
0.3

0.6
0.6

Be
d
wi
dt
h
on
U/

3.4
3.8
4.2
0.90
4.7

0.60
0.65
0.65
0.70

0.80

1.10
2.7
0.60
3.1
0.70

Be
d

0.60
0.60

THAN 1.5 CUMEC AND HEIGHT OF

DROP LESS THAN 1.5 m
Disch
arge
Q
(cum
)

1.5 to
1.0

Height
of drop

Depth of
cistern
below
D/S B.L
(x)

Len
gth
of
cres
t
(Lt.)

0.8 1.0 1.2

1.5

0.15 0.17
0.19 0.22

0.8
0.3
0.8
0.3

Thro
at
widt
h
(Bt.)

Depth
of
crest
below
U/S
T.E.L
(D)

Bo
tto
m
Heig
wi
ht of
dt
crest
h
abov
of
e U/S
dr
B.L
op
(D1)
wa
ll
(L
W)
0.80
0.80
0.90

Le
ng
th
of
ap
ro
n
(La
)

Wid
th
of
apr
on
(Wa
)

3.4
3.8
4.2
4.7

Thick
ness
of
apro
n (ta)

0.60
0.65
0.65
0.70

1.10

1.0 to
0.5

0.5 to
0.1

0.6 0.8 1.0

1.2 1.5

0.6 0.8 1.0

1.2 1.5

0.12 0.14
0.16 0.18
0.21

0.10 0.12
0.14 0.15
0.17

0.6 0.6
0.8 0.8
0.8

0.6 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8

Bed
width
on
U/S or
D/S
which
ever
is less

As per
formula
e

As
per
formu
lae

2.7
0.60
3.1
0.70
3.5
0.80
3.8
0.90
4.
1.10
3
0.60 2.4
0.70 2.8
0.80 3.2
0.90 3.5
1.00 4.0
0.60 2.0

Bed
widt
h on
D/S

0.60
0.60
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.60

FIG.19

TABLE No. II
Table showing discharges and depth of
crest below U/S T.E.L. for vertical type
drops with rectangular opening and
free fall.
Discharge Q = 1.835 Bt (D/ Lt)1/6 D3/2 in
cumec
or D = {(Q/ Bt) x (Lt1/6/
1.835)}3/5 in meters
Discharge per
Meter run of crest
wall i.e., Q/Bt
Cumec
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80

Depth of crest (D) below U/S

T.E.L. in meters for length of
crest Lt
0.6 m
0.166
0.212
0.252
0.288
0.321
0.352
0.383
0.409
0.436
0.462
0.437
0.511
0.534
0.556
0.578

0.8 m
0.172
0.218
0.259
0.296
0.331
0.362
0.393
0.422
0.449
0.475
0.501
0.526
0.549
0.573
0.595

or D = {(Q/ Bt) x (Lt1/6/ 1.835)}3/5 in meter

where Bt = Width of crest = Canal Bed width
in meters
Lt = Length of crest along axis of canal in
meters
Notch type drop: (Trapezoidal/ Rectangular)
As per Irrigation manual by W.M Ellis.
Design procedure:
1) For half discharge, find out F.S.D. Usually it
is 0.7 F.S.D.
2) Calculations of no. of notches:
No. of notches = Bed width
1.5 x FSD

Vide Emperical rule No.4 page No. 229 of

Irrigation practice & Engineering by
Etcheverry)
Find discharge per notch i.e., =
Q
No. of notches.
Silt level of drop = U/S CBL
3) For free fall notches:
Case I:
For free notch, the equation used for finding
out notch dimensions is
Q = 2.96 C d3/2 (L + 0.4 d n)
Where : Q = discharge in cumec

C = The coefficient of discharge of notch =

0.70
d = depth of water in metres over sill of the
not
L = width of the horizontal sill of the notch
in m.
n = 2 tan , where is the angle made by
each of the sides of the notch with the
vertical.
If n is Zero, then it becomes a rectangular
notch.
Case II: For submerged notch:
Q= 2.96 C d-E
E +d L + 3 E2 + (dE) E + 0.4 (d-E)2
n

Where E = the submersion depth of tail water

over the sill of the notch.
Q, C, d, L, n are the same as in the case I.
Find L and n by using the above equations (free
fall or submerged) for full supply discharge and
half supply discharge conditions.
Substitute the values of L and n to get top
width of notch in the equation = L + nd.
4) Length of drop wall between abutments:
Length of drop wall between the abutments
should not be less than 7/8th of the canal bed
width on up stream. However in practice, the
length of drop wall is provided equal to
upstream bed width.

(5) Width of notch pier at FSL should not be

less than half of upstream F.S.D. d
Top width of notch is generally 0.75 d,
where notch is free and d where notch is
submerged.
6) Water cushion:
The depth x of the water cushion is
worked out from the following equation
X + d1 = 0.91 dc h
Where d1 = D/S F.S.D
dc = Depth of water over the crest.
h = height of drop (difference in FSLs).

7) Length of cistern:
Length of the horizontal floor of the
cushion = 2 dc + 2 dc h subject to a
minimum of
1.2 + 2dc h.
It is to be designed on the basis of up lift
pressures and exit gradient if the soil is
pervious.
8) Thickness of cistern floor = 0.55 dc + h.
This should be designed on the basis of
uplift pressure and exit gradient, of the soil
is pervious.

Drop wall:
i) Top width of drop wall at sill level
(0.5d + 0.15) to (0.5d + 0.3)
ii) Bottom width of drop wall = H + dc+x

Where H = vertical height of the sill from
the apron, dc = depth of water over the
crest
and x = depth of water cushion
10) Protection works:
i) Length of the U/S revetment = 3dc subject
to min of 3 meters
9)

ii) Length of the D/S revetment = 4 (d + h)

subject to min of 6 meters or as per
standard fixed by the Project Authority
(11) Scour depth calculations:
Scour depth = 1.34 q2 1/3 metres
f
q = discharge/ meter width
f = laceys silt factor.
(12) Check for uplift on floor: As per Khoslas
Theory.

Trapezoidal notch core wall drops :( CE

NSLC Circular No. DW.150/ 3845 S, 3-91980)
Various components of the notch type drop
with core wall for different ranges of
discharges i.e., 1.5 cumec to 1 cumec, 1
cumec to 0.5 cumec, 0.5 cumec to 0.1
cumec, 0.1 cumec and below and for various
heights of drops i.e., 0.6 m, 0.8 m, 1.0 m, 1.2
m and 1.5 m with clear over fall are given in
table I and II. The same may be adopted for
drops on distributaries' having discharge of
1.5 cumec and less.
For drops in silty or clayey soils the following

i). For drops of 1.5 m and above, for all

discharges, wings and returns may be
provided.
(ii). For drops less than 1.5 m height and
discharge above 1 cumec, wings and
returns may be provided.
TABLE No. I (A)
DETAILS OF COMPONENTS OF NOTCH
TYPE DROPS WITH CORE WALL (FREE
FALL) FOR DISCHARGES LESS THAN
1.5 CUMEC AND HEIGHT OF DROP LESS
THAN 1.5 m

Details of each notch

D/S
Discha
rge in
Cum

Height
of drop
h in m

1.5 to 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.5

1.0 to
0.5

No.
of
notc
hes

L + nd

1
1

0.8 1.0 1.2 1

1
1.5
1
1

1
0.6 0.8 1.0
0.5 to 0.1
1
1.2 1.5

1
1
1

1
0.6 0.8 1.0
1
1.2 1.5

1
1
1

0.1 and
below

Refer
Table II
(A)

Refer
Table II
(A)

Lengt
h of
apron
(La)

Thickn
ess of
apron
(ta)

11

12

X cushion

Thickn
ess of
end
pier

Top
of
drop
wall
Lt

Bottom
width of
drop
wall

Length
of drop
core wall

10

0.09

0.6
0.6
0.6

0.6
0.6
0.6

1.3
1.4
1.6

3.6
3.8
4.0

0.70
0.75
0.75

0.08

0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60

0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60

1.2
1.2
1.4
1.6

3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

0.65
0.70
0.70
0.75

0.06

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

0.8
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.4

2.4
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.1

0.60
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75

0.04

0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45

0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45

0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.3

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.1

0.60
0.60
0.60
0.65
0.70

TABLE No. II (A)

Table showing width of Notches at sill
and at top of various discharges for
Notch type drop with free fall.
Discharge through each notch Q (cumec) is
given by
Q = 2.067 d3/2 (L+ 0.4 nd)
Where d = Depth of flow over sill (metres)
L = width of notch at sill in metres
n = 2 tan where is the angle made by
each of the sides of the notch with the
vertical.
Top width of notch at F.S.L = L + nd.

Q/ d3/2

Width of Notch at
sill level m

Width of notch at
F.S.L m

2.2

0.546

1.844

2.1

0.521

1.760

2.0

0.496

1.676

1.9

0.471

1.592

1.8

0.446

1.508

1.7

0.422

1.425

1.6

0.397

1.341

1.5

0.372

1.257

1.4

0.347

1.173

1.3

0.322

1.090

1.2

0.298

1.006

1.1

0.273

0.922

1.0

0.248

0.838

0.9

0.223

0.754

0.8

0.198

0.671

0.7

0.174

0.587

0.6

0.149

0.503

0.5

0.124

0.419

0.4

0.099

0.333

Notch type drop with core wall:

In core wall type, the drop wall is combined
with a straight wall, which is extended into
the banks with proper keying. There are no
wings & returns on the U/S and D/S sides.
But CC apron and side protection with CC
lining (better if double the normal thickness
provided) is provided.
i) Formulae adopted for working out the
rectangular notch
Q = 1.708 [ L 0.1 nd] d 3/2
Where n = no. of notches

L = length of the drop wall in metres

d = depth of water in meters over the crest
of drop
ii) Formulae adopted for trapezoidal notch is
same as discussed in the previous case.
iii) Length of apron, thickness of apron and
water cushion same as discussed in the
previous case (trapezoidal notch).
The drops can be combined with bridges
wherever possible. In such cases the
clearance between sill of drop to deck
may be provided as below:

N = h1 (hs + 0.3 m) from civil engineering

hand book volume II by LELIAWSKY.

OFF TAKE SLUICE:

Off takes are provided on the conveyance system
to irrigate the ayacut localized under branch or
distributary. As per World Bank norms, the water
distribution system is broadly classified as:
i) Supply system or conveyance system.
ii) Distributary System.
1) Supply system or conveyance system:
Main canal, branch canals and majors carrying a
discharge above 5.66 cumec (200 cusecs) are
considered as supply system. They will run
continuously. The distributaries taking off from
these have gated structures if the carrying
capacity is 5.66 cumec (200 cusec) and above.

2) Distributary system:
The distributaries have capacity less than 5.66
cumec (200 cusecs). These will run either full or
closed. The water will be distributed
proportionally through modules (APM or OFM).
No gated structures will be there on the
distributary system.
In the first reach of distributary, a standing
wave flume which is used as a measuring
device, is provided.
Gated off takes:
These may be either:
i) Rectangular/ square vents covered with R.C.C
slab or
ii) Pipes

Rectangular vents:
(1) Sill level: The sill of O.T is kept either
at or above the CBL of parent canal
depending on the ratio of discharges in
distributary and parent canal.
% of O.T. discharge to
parent
canal discharge

Height of sill of sluice above the CBL of

parent canal when FSD in the parent canal
is:

Above 2.14
m

2.14 to 1.22
m

Below 1.22
m

15% and above

0.075

10% to 15%

0.15

0.075

5% to 10%

0.30

0.15

0.075 m

2% to 5%

0.30

0.30

0.15 m

2% and less

0.30

0.30

0.30 m

Driving head:
(3) The driving head at O.T. is arrived at normally
considering half supply discharge in the parent
canal when the full supply discharge flows into the
distributary channel.
() Driving head = Supply level in parent canal for
half supply discharge FSL in distributary
(2)

()

The FSL of off take channel is generally fixed at 15

cm below the half supply level of parent canal for
the channels taking off from main canal and
branch canal and 7.5 cm for channels taking off
from the distributaries. However vent way is
designed with minimum driving head of 7.5 cm (3)
for pipes. The level difference between the sill level
and C.B.L. of parent canal is negotiated by proving
suitable longitudinal slope.

Vent way:
(4) The vent way for square or rectangular/
circular vents is calculated by the formulae.
() Q = Cd. A. 2g H
() = 2.746 A H
() Where Q= Discharge of off take sluice in
cumec
() Cd = 0.62 for square or rectangular openings
() A= Area in sqm
() H= Driving head in m.
() The vent way for circular openings with
() C = 0.75 is calculated by the formula:
()
Q = 3.322 . A H
(3)

The length of barrel is worked out with

respect to the position of D/S head wall.
The flow condition in the barrel is
dependent on D/S condition in the O.T.
channel immediately below the vent way.
TELs at entrance and exit of barrel are
calculated and checked for assumed
level.
4) R.C.C. slab under head wall:
It is designed to withstand for the max
stress at the bottom of head wall (resting
over the slab) in addition to its self
weight. The slab is constructed in VRCC M
20 grade with HYSD bars.

(5) R.C.C. slab under earth bank:

It is designed for weight of earth over it in
addition to its self weight. Live load is
also to be taken into consideration for the
slab under inspection path.
(6) Transitions:
The U/S and D/S transitions are provided
with 1 in 3 and 1 in 5 splay respectively
as per practice.

(7) Stilling Basin:

The type of stilling basin to be provided depends upon
the velocity at the entry of barrel. If the entry velocity
is above 6.1 m/sec. (20 ft/sec) the barrel floor is
depressed both for rectangular and square vents based
on the hydraulic jump calculations. In case of normal
velocities which are of the order of 4 m/ sec the floor is
at the same level and the floor is checked for arch
action for the uplift pressure.

The design of hydraulic jump basin for energy

dissipating arrangements can be followed from Small
Dams by U.S.B.R. or as per I.S. 4997 1968. For
shooting flows, an impact type basin - VI with R.C.C.
baffle wall is to be provided. The baffle wall is to be
designed for the maximum water thrust with 50%
impact factor when full discharge is let out in the canal.

Off takes with hume pipes:

(1)The minimum diameter for off takes
from main/ branch canal and
distributaries is as follows:
Main/ Branch
canal

Distributary

0.90m

i) 14.15 to
2.83 cumec
discharges
0.23m
ii)2.83 cumec
and less
0.15m

Min of pipe

(2) Laying of O.T. Pipes:

The condition of laying of off take pipes
such as Negative projecting condition,
and Trench condition etc., relevant to
the individual cases are followed as per
IS. 783 1985 for laying and jointing. For
the selection of proper size of pipe for the
vents, IS. 458 is to be followed.
Controlling arrangements
The following controlling arrangements
are followed.
Type of control to be adopted:

i) For pipe sluices of 6 (150 mm) dia and below

and vents of
equivalent area with F.S.D of parent canal
not exceeding
No control
4ft (1.22 m). and O.T discharge 1.5 c/s and
less
(ii) For pipe sluices of diameters above 6 and
upto and including 12(300 mm) with F.S.D of
parent canal not Stem shutter exceeding 4ft
(1.22 m).
iii)For all sluices where the FSD in the parent
canal Screw is more than 4ft (1.22 m) and for
sluices of larger ventways. gearing shutter

SEMI MODULAR OUTLETS

The Expert Committee (Core Committee) suggested to
provide Semi modular outlets (ungated ) for the outlets
with discharge of 0.5 cumec and less, taking off from
channels having discharge less than 25 cusec (about 0.7
cumec)
Definition of semi modular outlets (flexible
modules)
The outlets whose discharge is independent of the
water level of the outlet channel but depends on the
water level of the distributary so long as minimum
working head required for their working is available. The
discharge through such an outlet will therefore, increase
with the rise in the distributary water surface level and
vice versa. The common examples of this type of
modules are

1. Open Flume Module (O.F.M)

2. Adjustable Orifice Semi module (A.O.S.M)/
Adjustable Proportional Module (A.P.M)
3. Pipe Semi - module -free fall pipe outlet (P.S.M)
1) Open flume module:

It is weir type outlet with a constricted throat

and an expanded flume on D/S side. Due to
constriction, super critical velocity is ensured
in the throat and thereby allowing formation of
jump in the expanding flume. The formation of
Hydraulic jump makes the outlet discharge
independent of water level in the outlet
channel, thus making it a semi - module.

(2) Adjustable Orifice Semi - Module (A.O.S.M):

An adjustable orifice semi - module consists of an

Orifice provided with gradually expanding flume on
the d/s side of the orifice. The flow through the
orifice is super critical, resulting in the formation of
hydraulic jump in the expanded flume portion. The
formation of jump makes the discharge independent
of water level in the out let channel.

3) Adjustable Proportional Module (A.P.M):

This type is the most commonly used outlet in this
class. In this, the CI roof block is fixed to the check
plates by blots, which can be removed and depth of
outlet adjusted after masonry around is dismantled

(4) Pipe Semi - Module (P.S.M):

Pipe outlet discharging freely into atmosphere is
the simplest and the oldest type of flexible
outlet. The discharge through such an outlet will
depend only upon the water level of the
distributary and will be independent of water
level in the outlet channel so long as the pipe is
discharging freely. This can be provided where
sufficient level difference between distributary
and outlet channel is available.]
The suitability of the type of the semi module
outlet is determined based on the ratio of parent
canal discharge (Q) to the discharge of the out
let (q) and the throat width (Bt) as detailed
below.

i) for (Q/q ) < or = 20 and B t 6 cm

Open Flume Module( OFM)
ii)
for (Q/q ) < or = 20 and B t < 6 cm
Adjustable Proportional module ( APM )
iii) for (Q/q ) > 20
If the above requirements do not suit the
site condition, provide pipe semi module
(where possible) with diaphragm of
required diameter inserted at the first joint.
The minimum diametre of pipe used will be
150 mm.

The above conditions are further

explained as below
Arrive at the ratio of parent channel / out
let channel.
If it is < or = 20, select OFM. Calculate the
Bt ( throat width ), using weir formula.
If Bt is > 6 cm it is ok.
Otherwise select A.P.M.
Work out the Bt using the sluice formula
setting the crest of outlet at less than 0.80
D from FSL of Parent Channel and
adjusting the height of outlet opening.
If Bt = or > 6 it is ok

Otherwise go for pipe semi module (PSM),

if it is possible to do so. Check for
proportionally
Open flume module

Discharge through the out let (q) in

cumec is given by the formula:

Discharge through the out let (q) in

cumec is given by the formula:
q = C x Bt x G1.5
Where,
Bt =Throat width in 'm'
G =Depth of water in the Parent Canal
over the crest in 'm '
D = U/S FS Depth in 'm '
C = Coefficient
The value of C is adopted as under :
Bt
C

Above 6 cm & upto 9 cm 1.60

Above 9 cm & upto 12 cm 1.64
Above 12 cm
1.66
Length of Throat (Crest ) = 2 G
Setting G =0.9 x D , where D =full
supply depth in the parent canal
Minimum modular working Head = 0.2
G
Crest level = U/S F.S.L - 0.9 D
U/S approach wings to the throat
one Curved and diverging and another
straight
D/S expansion Splayed to 1 in 10 to meet
the bed width of out let channel

Adjustable Orifice Semi Module

(A.O.S.M) or Adjustable Proportional
Module (APM)

Discharge through outlet in cumec.

Q = 4.03 Bt Y Hs1/2
Y =Height of opening in metres.
Bt =Throat width (minimum 0.06 m )

G =Depth of water in parent canal over

the crest in metres
Hs = Depth to under side of the roof block
below FSL of parent canal.
Hs = G Y , Hs 0.80 D
y
> (2/3 ) G
Setting of crest, G = 0.750 x D , where D
= Full supply depth in the parent canal
Setting of crest shall not be below D/S
B.L.
Minimum modular head Hm = 0.75 Hs
for modularity between full supply and
any fraction of full supply.

Crest level
U/S FSL- 0.75 D
Length of throat
= width of roof block
+G
U/S slope of glacis
= curve with radius
2G.
U/s approach wings = one curved and the
other straight, top at FSL + 0.15 m
D/S expansion
= 1 in 10 to meet bed
width of outlet channel

Pipe semi module

Design criteria
The discharge through pipe semi module
is given by
Q =Cd . A (2g hc )1/2
Where Cd = 0.62 for free pipe out let
hc =head on U/S above the centre of pipe
hc should be more than 1.5 times the dia
of the pipe proposed.
The above formulae can be reduced to
Q =0.62 x (2x 9.81 ) A (hcnt)
=2.746 A hc 1/2

For free fall condition set the F.S.L of OT

Channel below the pipe sill level keeping
in view the command under the pipe
sluice .It is a simplest type and the users
will appreciate.
Throttling the vent way of existing
pipe out lets: (From design
guidelines for structured irrigation
network to suit to RWSS).
When the existing diametre of pipe is
more than required then, to reduce the
size of the pipe a sleeve pipe is
introduced whose diametre is worked out
by equating operating head to the

h = Ki (Vs2/ 2g) + (Vs Vp )2 / 2g + f x (Lp/ Dp) x

(Vp2/ 2g) + Ko(Vp2/ 2g)

Where,
Ki = 1, Loss coefficient at inlet
Lp = Length of pipe
Ko = 1, Loss coefficient at exit
Dp = Diametre of pipe
f = Friction loss coefficient = 0.02
Vs = Velocity in sleeve pipe
Vp = Velocity in the pipe
Substituting the values in the equation find out
the Vs, then the area of sleeve pipe As
Find
out the dia of sleeve pipe Ds = (4 As/ 3.14)0.5.
The length of sleeve pipe shall be 5 Ds

FIG.24

FLOW MEASUREMENT STRUCTURES

GENERAL
Provision of "measuring
structures/devices" shall conform to the
following guide lines given by Sri R.K.
Malhotra, World Bank Consultant.

A measuring structure is to be provided

downstream of every off-take of major from the
main canal/ branch canal, distributory from a
major, minor from the distributory and subminor from the minor etc. Measuring structure is
also to be provided at off-take of branch canal
from the main canal and also in the main
canals.

Types of measuring structures shall be broadly:

"Standing Wave Flumes in concrete (SWF) and
Parshall Flumes & Cut Throat Flumes (CTF) in
fiber glass reinforced plastic material with their
hold-fasts to be embedded in concrete
structures. Standing Wave Flumes may be
provided in the main & branch canals; Cut
Throat Flumes /Parshall Flumes in the
majors/distributaries, while Cut Throat Flumes
may be provided in the minors/sub-minors. The
Parshall and Cut Throat Flumes in fiber glass
reinforced plastic (FRP) material shall have
engraved gauge markings in centimeters as
well as in liter/second.
Division Boxes shall be constructed in concrete.
Likewise, turn-outs shall be constructed in
concrete.

STANDING WAVE FLUME

Standing wave flume is a critical depth
flume. The discharge through this is
independent of water level on
downstream and varies with water levels
on upstream. The hydraulic behavior is
same as that of a broad crested weir.
Since only one gauge reading is required
to be taken for measuring the discharge
and due to ease of construction, standing
wave flumes are recommended as a flow
measuring device.
The following are the three types of
flumes proposed for adoption

1. Standing wave flume

2. Standing wave flume fall (associated
with drop)
3. Rectangular throat flume (to be
adopted on canals having discharge less
than 1 cumec)
Design criteria
The design is as per IS.6063 - 1971
"Method of measurement of flow of water
in open channels using standing wave
flume

FIG.40

(1) Discharge
Discharge through standing wave flume (
Q ) in cumec is given by

Q = 2 2 g . Cf Bt . H3/2
3 3
= 1.705 . C f . Bt . H 3/2
Where B t = Throat width in m
H = Height of specific energy over the
crest in m.
= Depth of flow over the crest on upstream
(d1) + head due to velocity of approach (v)
= d1 - Z + v 2 /15.2
Where Z = Height of hump over U/S
canal bed level
Cf = Coefficient of friction

For Q Value of Cf
0.3 to 1.5 cumec 0.98
0.5 to 15 cumec 0.99
above 15 cumec 1.00
Modular Limit value of submergence ratio of H2/H1
at which the real discharge deviates by 1 % of Q
calculated by discharge equation. It should be
between 0.7 to 0.95
With straight transition from throat width to
downstream bed width in a length of 4 H

Modular Limit H2 /H1 = 0.8 to 0.85

Minimum modular head = 0.15 H to 0.2 H

2) Height of hump :

The height of hump is the difference between the u/s

canal bed level and the sill level of the flume. Height
of hump, for proportionality between full supply and
any fraction of full supply between the channel and
weir is given by the equations.

1
m 1/x
1
1
m 2/3
-1
(i)
Z = d1 D1 = d1 m
fluctuating discharge

1/x

1- For channels running with

where m = Qm = Any particular

fraction of full supply discharge
Q
x
= approach channel index
d1 = upstream depth of water in the
canal
D1 = Depth of water over the crest
Where Q = discharge
C1 = a coefficient
d1 = depth of water in the channel
x = index, which varies from 1.5 to 2

From the discharges Q,Q',Q'',Q''', etc , for the flow of depths

of d1,d'1, d''1,d'''1, etc respectively, the value of x in the
equation is estimated by least square method by
considering 4 sets of d and corresponding Q.
log Q . Log d - ( log Q ) ( log d) Where M = No.
of sets = 4
x =M
( log d )2 - ( log d )2 M
Figure 2 gives the height of hump required for
various values of x and fluctuations. In case of
channels which run either full or closed, a flume
which gives proportionality at full supply discharge
is desirable. In the case of channels, in which
discharge varies considerably, bulk
proportionality is
preferable. Figure 3 gives the heights of hump for bulk
proportionally.

(3) Head loss:

The head loss consists of the following losses:
(i) Approach transition,
(ii) Exit transition,
(iii) Friction in structure, and
(iv) Hydraulic jump
The loss in approach and exit transitions depends
on the amount of fluming and its gradualness. The
friction loss is usually very small. The loss in
hydraulic jump is given by the equation:
HL = (d2 d1)2
4 d1 d2
Where d1 = depth of flow before jump
d2 = depth of flow after jump

(4) Approach transition

The radius of side walls of the bell mouth
entrance should be 3.6 H 1.5 metres. If H is
less than 0.30m, the radius may be 2H
from the throat. The curvature (formed
from the throat) should continue till it
subtends an angle of 600, from where, it
should be continued tangentially to meet
the side of the channel upstream.
The bed convergence should begin on the
same cross section as the side
convergence. The radius of curvature of
hump in the bed should be:
rh = L12 + Z2

Where rh = radius of curvature of hump

L1 = length between the junction of side
wall with the bed of upstream channel
and upstream end of the throat measured
along the axis.
Z = height of hump above u/s bed level.

FIG.42

FIG.43

5) Throat
Sides of throat should be vertical and length
should be 2.5 H. Width of the throat way be
calculated from the formula given in sub-para
(1) of 6.1.1.

(6) Downstream glacis

The length of downstream glacis should be
equal to 4H, which is also the length of the
side walls along the glacis. The slope of the
glacis is usually 1 in 20 or flatter. The
divergence of side walls should be 1 in 10 or
flatter so as to make the width at the toe of the
glacis equal to or less than the downstream
canal bed width.

(7) Gauge (Stilling) well

The stilling well should be so located as
to measure the water upstream of the sill,
where there is no curvature of flow. This
could be ensured by locating the stilling
well intake pipe at a distance of
4
Hmax upstream of the bell mouth
entrance. Hmax is the maximum value of
upstream head over the sill (including
velocity head).

STANDING WAVE FLUME FALL (ASSOCIATED

WITH A DROP)
Standing wave flume fall is a flow measuring
device .It acts as a control point to maintain
design supply level in the canal on u/s of the
structure. A measuring device to be provided at
the head of the distributory shall be a standing
wave flume combined with fall if it exists at
reasonable distance from head before first
drawal. In case any existing drop is damaged,
requires reconstruction and satisfies the above
condition, it can be reconstructed with standing
wave flume. The drops downstream of the
outlets may be designed as the standing wave
flume fall, wherever necessary.

Design criteria
The standing wave flume fall is essentially a broad
crested weir and IS: 6062 - 1971 "Method of
measurement of flow of open channels using
standing wave flume fall" and "Manual on canal
falls" by Central Water Commission are followed for
the design of standing wave flume fall . The design
calculations are similar to that of standing wave
flume. The main difference between the two is in
the energy dissipation arrangements. In the case of
normal standing wave flume, head loss is
considerably low and does not require any special
energy dissipation arrangements. In the case of
standing wave flume combined with fall or drop,
energy dissipation arrangements are provided as
per the requirements for the falls.

(1) Discharge
Discharge through standing wave flume
( Q ) in cumec is given by the equation
given in sub-para (1) of para 6.1.1, similar
to that for standing wave flume without
fall.
In case, piers are provided in the flume,
the discharge is given by the formaula:
Q= 2
2 g . Cf (Bo mb 2Cc m H) H1.5
3 3
Where Q = discharge in cumec

Cf = Coefficient of friction having the

following values:

0.97 for Q = 0.05 to 0.30 cumec

0.98 for Q = 0.30 to 1.50 cumec
0.99 for Q = 1.50 to 15.0 cumec
1.00 for Q = 15.0 cumec and above
Bo = Overall throat width including piers
m = no. of piers
b = thickness of each pier
Cc = coefficient of contraction having
values of 0.045 for piers with round nose
and 0.04 for piers with pointed nose.
H = head over sill including velocity head
given by equation

H = D1 + Va2
15.2
Where D1 = upstream depth of water
over sill, and Va = velocity of approach
(2) Height of hump:
(3) Throat :
The length of throat is equal to 2.5 H. The
throat width is calculated from the
discharge formula in sub-para (1) of para
6.2.1.
The width of throat shall not be less than
1.5 H

(4) Inlet transition:

The radius (R) of the side walls of bell mouth
entrance should be 3.6 H 1.5. The curvature should
continue till it subtends an angle of 60 0, from
where it shall be continued tangentially to meet
the side of the channel. However when the curved
walls meet the sides of channel when it subtends
an angle of 600, it is not necessary to continue the
walls further. The length of inlet transition (L 1) may
be found out knowing B1 , B2 and the radius of bell
mouth entrance R using the relation:

L1 =

2R22

B1 B

B1 B0

Where B1 = upstream bed width of

channel
B0 = overall throat width
The radius of curvature of hump (rh) in
the bed is given by the following
equation.
(rh) = L12 + Z 2
2Z
When the total head above the standing
wave fall (SWF) sill becomes
considerable, say 1.2 m, the height of
hump Z becomes insignificant as
compared to L1 so that the radius

5) Design of Glacis :
The glacis should have a slope of 2:1
connected with the throat upstream by a
curve of radius 2H and with the cistern
downstream by a curve of radius H. The side
walls should be straight over glacis portion.
With steeper glacis slope of 2:1 and greater
loss of head, proper expansion should be
provided. For controlling the issuing flow,
parallel sides should be extended down to
the toe of glacis followed by hyperbolic
expansion in the cistern using equation:
By B 0 B 3 L
L B3 - ( B 3 - B o ) y

Where, By = width at any distance y

Y = distance from beging of expansion of
hyperbola,
B0 = over all throat width of flume at the
contracted section (excluding piers)
B3 = bed width of downstream channel
L = length of cistern
(6) Cistern
The cistern is provided at the toe of the
glacis. The length of cistern (L) varies from
4 times to 6 times the downstream FSD
(d3) of the channel depending on the
nature of soil in the channel bed.

4 d3 for shingle bed

L = 5 d3 for good earthen bed
6 d3 for sandy bed
If the channel is lined with CC, length of
cistern may be taken as 4 d3.
In order to stabilize the flow, bed of cistern
should be made steeper in the center by 25%
compared to the sides.
(7) Control blocks
Two rows of control blocks, staggered in plan
should be provided downstream of the toe of
the glacis in the cistern. The size of the blocks
should be as follows:

Height (h) = 1/6 depth of water in mid

cistern
Length (l) = 1.5 to 3 h
Width (w) = 2/3 h
Clear distance between blocks = l
Clear distance between rows = w
The first row of blocks should be at 3 to 5
times the height of the blocks from the toe
of glacis.
8) Deflector
A deflector should be provided at the
downstream end of the cistern.

Size of deflector:
Height (h) = 1/12 depth of water in mid
cistern
Width (w) = h
Gap in the deflector = h
Internal of gaps = 4h
Short walls of same height should be placed
close to the upstream of gaps.
(9) Gauge well

RECTANGULAR THROAT FLUME:

The discharge in a open channel may be

measured by means of a flume. Consisting
essentially of contractions in the sides and /
or bottom of the channel forming throat.
When the dimensions are such that critical
flow occurs in the downstream, (in other
words it is free flowing) discharge can be
determined from the single upstream depth
measurement. This device is called Critical
Depth Measuring Flume ".This structure may
be adopted for measuring smaller discharges
less than 1 cumec.

Design criteria:
(a) Rectangular throat with hump
(b) Let 'Y' be the depth of flow and velocity
be "V" m/sec in the normal section. Then
total energy
head is equal to depth of flow and due to
velocity of approach i.e
E = Y + V2 / 2g
Take the value of 2 g equal to 19.2
In Rectangular section , critical depth (Yc )
is equal to two thirds the Total Energy
head ,i.e Yc = 2/3 E

The throat width is worked out by

discharge equation , which is given as
follows :Q = 2/3 2/3 x g . C f . b . H1.5 = 1.705
C f b H1.5
where C f = co-efficient of friction =
0.97
b= throat width
H = Yc = depth of flow at critical section
Length of the crest is equal to 2H.