Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Classroom Rules:
1. I talk, you listen
2. I dont allow:
A. Heads on desk
B. Feet on desk
C. Going to sleep in class
D. MP3 players
3. Mobile phones are to be off, or on silent unless
OKd with me, and in you bag (not on desk)
4. Should they be OKd, and you receive a call, you
will answer it outside the classroom
5. No SMS-ing in class
6. Keith Butlers number is: 0417 637 909
Assessment
(a)All pracs must be completed
A final written exam will be given on the
learning outcomes covered. Should a
student fail, they will be allowed one
further attempt during block. Should
they fail this they will be allowed one
further attempt within six weeks of
completing the block. Should they fail this
they will be in a Show Cause situation.
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14
AC Supply
V
I
Time->
Current is in phase
with voltage.
15
AC supply
V
I
V
I
AC Supply
AC Supply
19
20
Motor
N
B
C
?????
A
B
Motor
A
0A
N
B
C
0V
0V
A
B
Motor
A
C
B
C
A
B
24
Transformer
S
A
B
F
F
Swapped
Transformer
F
A
B
S
S
Transformer
F
S
VC
VB
VA
Transformer
F
S
VC
VB
VA
Transformer
No Arc!
VC
VB
VA
32
STAR
VL = 3 VPH
IL = IPH
Generator
P = 3 x VPH x IPH x Cos
= 3 x VL/3 x IL x Cos
= 3/3 x VL x IL x Cos
= 3 VL x IL x Cos
DELTA
IL = 3 IPH
VL = VPH
Load
P = 3 x VPH x IPH x Cos
= 3 x VLx IL/3 x Cos
= 3/3 x VL x IL x Cos
= 3 VL x IL x Cos 33
NOT:
P = 415 x I x pf.
P = 3 VL x IL x Cos
34
35
VA
Vars
Phase angle
between current
and volts
Watts
VA2 = Watts2 + Vars2
36
Load 3 = 14.14A at 45
P = V x I x Cos 45
= 240 x 14.14 x 0.707
= 2.4kW
V=240V
Load 1 = 10A
P = V x I x Cos 0
= 240 x 10 x 1
= 2.4kW
Load 2 = 20A at 60
P = V x I x Cos 60
= 240 x 20 x 0.5
= 2.4kW
37
Load 3 = 14.14A at 45
P = V x I x Cos 45
= 240 x 14.14 x 0.707
= 2.4kW
V=240V
Load 1 = 10A
P = V x I x Cos 0
= 240 x 10 x 1
= 2.4kW
Load 2 = 20A at 60
P = V x I x Cos 60
= 240 x 20 x 0.5
= 2.4kW
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39
Higher power
40
41
Lower power
42
43
44
Lo
ss
es
Alternator
Prime
Mover
Mechanical Energy
- Diesel Engine
- Steam Turbine
- Small petrol engine
Alternator
Electrical Energy
Alternator:
Pin = Pout + Losses
Alternator:
Pout
Eff% =
x 100
Pin
45
Lo
s
se
Synchronous Motor
Electrical
Energy
MSB
Motor
Pin = Pout + Losses
Motor
Mechanical Energy
Load
Motor:
Pout
Eff% =
x 100
Pin
46
Synchronous Machine
Electrical
Power
Stator
- Identically wound
to an induction motor.
- Connected to supply.
DC
Supply
Rotor
- Constant DC field
- Connected to supply
via sliprings.
47
SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
48
Synchronous Machine
Electrical
Power
DC
Supply
Synchronous Machine
Electrical
Power
DC
Supply
50
51
1500RPM
1000RPM
4kw
7.8A, .87pf
8.2A, .82pf
9A, .74pf
11A, .63pf
22kw
39A, .87pf
41A, .83pf
42A, .80pf
47A, .74pf
110kw
182A, .90pf
200A, .84pf
205A, .80pf
203A, .81pf
150kw
242A, .90pf
265A, .87pf
279A, .80pf
278A, .77pf
185kw
310A, .88pf
315A, .86pf
343A, .80pf
348A, .78pf
220kw
362A, .89pf
375A, .86pf
408A, .78pf
412A, .78pf
What is the
tendency as RPM
gets lower?
750RPM
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53
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2 basic types:
Cylindrical rotor
Salient Pole
Cylindrical Rotor
-High speed
-Steam Turbine
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60
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www.tecowestinghouse.com
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Lo
s
se
Synchronous Motor
Electrical
Energy
MSB
Motor
Pin = Pout + Losses
Motor
Mechanical Energy
Load
Motor:
Pout
Eff% =
x 100
Pin
75
A1
2-Pole Machine
ie. 3000RPM
A2
77
78
A1
2-Pole Machine
ie. 3000RPM
C2
B2
C1
A2
79
N
S
C
4-pole machine
80
N
S
S
N
+
Flux
-
Time->
Resultant flux =
1.5 x flux of one phase
81
+
Flux
-
Time->
S
Resultant flux =
1.5 x flux of one phase
82
3 4 5 6
+
Flux
-
Time->
83
1 2 3 4 5 6
+
Flux
-
Time->
1 2 3 4 5 6
+
Flux
-
Time->
1 2 3 4 5 6
+
Flux
-
Time->
86
1 2 3 4 5 6
+
Flux
-
Time->
N = 120f/P
where N = RPM
f = frequency
P = Number of poles (per phase).
So the speed of the rotating magnetic field is
affected by:
Frequency, and
Number of poles.
88
C/L of RMF
94
95
Torque
RPM
Ns
96
Pull out
Torque
RPM
Ns
97
98
99
Rotor Construction
Squirrel Cage
100
101
102
104
105
Revs
Time
106
SS
N N
109
Vinduced
Vsupply
Induced in the
stator from
the rotor
110
Vinduced
VR
Vsupply
Isupply
Torque angle
111
Vinduced
Vinduced
Vsupply
Isupply
Vinduced
Vinduced
Vsupply
113
Vinduced
Vsupply
114
Vinduced
Isupply
VR
Vsupply
VR
Vinduced
Vsupply
Isupply
116
Vinduced
VR
Vsupply
Isupply
So to force the supply current lagging,
we DECREASE excitation
117
VR
Vinduced
Isupply
Vsupply
VR
Vinduced
Vsupply
Isupply
Vinduced
VR
Vsupply
118
Vsupply
Isupply
Lag
50
%
lo
ad
Stator Current
Unity pf
Lead
Excitation Current
120
121
ad
lo
50
%
lo
ad
pf=1
75
%
Stator Current
Stability
limit
Lead
Lag
Excitation Current
122
Per unit
Power output
0.8 pf lag
Unity
0.8 pf lead
123
124
125
Points:
At a set load there is a value of excitation that
will give minimum line current.
Reducing OR increasing excitation from this value
will only increase line current.
At any other value of line current, there are two
values of excitation current that can produce this.
If a synchronous motor is heavily loaded, supply
current may not be able to be driven highly
leading.
If a synchronous motor is lightly loaded, supply
current can be driven highly leading.
126
clocks
record players
timers
recorders
communications
servo installations
127
Reluctance Motor
Stator
Stator same as a single phase, split
phase motor.
Centrifugal Switch operates at 75%
synchronous speed to open circuit the
start winding.
Rotor
Assembled from laminated sheets
with defined teeth cut away. This
forms salient poles.
Windings are of the squirrel-cage
type.
Number of rotor poles equals the
number of stator poles.
128
Reluctance Motor
Operation
Starts as an induction motor, with slip.
A single phase stator has a Start and Run winding. At
75% centrifugal the centrifugal switch operates.
As the load is light there is small slip
The salient poles become permanently magnetised by the
stator field
The salient poles will then lock to the stator field.
Once locked into synchronism the motor will continue to
operate at synchronous speed.
Not as much power output as a similar physical size 1-phase
motor.
129
Hysteresis Motor
Rotor
Constructed from hardened steel rings, instead of thin,
magnetically soft, silicon steel laminations.
Hysteresis opposes any change once the flux is created,
so the rotor will lock into the RMF like a permanent magnet.
Stator
Often a shaded pole stator principle is used.
If the shaded pole principle is used then the motor is self
starting.
Magnetic poles are established in the rotor.
These poles lock to the stator poles.
The rotor runs at synchronous speed determined by the
poles and frequency.
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133
Generating an AC Voltage
N
S
134
Generating an AC Voltage
+
Volts
Time->
135
Generating an AC Voltage
N
S
+
Volts
Time->
136
Generating an AC Voltage
+
Volts
Time->
137
Generating an AC Voltage
+
Volts
Time->
138
Generating an AC Voltage
+
Volts
Time->
139
Generating an AC Voltage
N
S
+
Volts
Time->
140
3-Phase
Generating a AC Voltage
N
S
141
3-Phase
Generating a AC Voltage
Require:
Three sets of coils
physically displaced
from each other by
120 electrical.
+
Volts
Time->
142
3-Phase
Generating a AC Voltage
VC
N
VA
VB
143
3-Phase
Generating a AC Voltage
A1
A2
144
3-Phase
Generating a AC Voltage
A1
B2
C2
C1
B1
A2
145
3-Phase
Generating a AC Voltage
N
S
C
4-pole machine
146
Alternator
Reasons for having the three phase winding on the
stator rather than the rotor:
More space on the stator for the three phase
winding.
Only one, low voltage winding on the rotor.
Easier to insulate.
Less problems with centrifugal force.
Only two sliprings required rather than four
(3-ph + N)
147
Electrical
Power
Stator
- Connected to load.
Magnetic Field
Alternator
Mechanical
Power
Rotor
- Constant DC field
- Connected to its own DC
supply via sliprings.
148
Alternator
Alternator
Petrol
Engine
149
150
VOUT
(No Load)
IFIELD
151
Alternator
Internal
Impedance
XL
R
Load
Alt
152
Resistive Load
VGEN
VZ
ILOAD
VOUT
VL
VR
153
Resistive Load
VGEN
VZ
ILOAD
VOUT
VL
VR
Inductive Load
V
VGEN
VOUT VR
ILOAD
Parallel
155
Inductive Load
V
VOUT VR
VGEN
V
ILOAD
Now there is a greater voltage drop under load
156
Capacitive Load
VGEN
ILOAD
VOUT
Parallel
Now there is a voltage RISE under load
Because of the voltage rise under load, it is
not desirable to run alternators at a
leading power factor.
157
Unity pf
Lagging pf
Load Current
158
Voltage Regulation
%Voltage Regulation =
(VNL VFL)
VFL
x 100
159
160
VGEN
VZ
ILOAD
VL
VOUT VR
ILOAD
VOUT VR
VGEN
V
ILOAD
VOUT VR
VGEN
V
VL
VZ
VOUT
VR
ILOAD
VL
VOUT VR
ILOAD
VL
VOUT VR
ILOAD
VOUT VR
VL
Size of triangle
reduces
VZ
VL
VR
ILOAD
VOUT
Size of triangle
reduces
ILOAD
VL
VOUT VR
ILOAD
VL
VOUT VR
ILOAD
VL
VOUT VR
VL
VZ
ILOAD
VOUT
VR
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175
Paralleling Alternators
To parallel alternators (or parallel one onto the
grid), the following criteria must be met:
Alternator Rating
Alternators are rated according to:
Frequency
Voltage
Current
kVA
The frequency dictates the RPM (3000, 1500, etc).
Voltage and Current give the kVA rating.
177
Efficiency
Losses:
By far the main loss in an alternator is HEAT loss.
If an alternator can be kept cool, more power can
be obtained from it. ie. Instead of a 300MW
machine, it will become a 500MW machine.
More power must be put into it to get this
increased output power.
Cooling large alternators is a big deal! They are
often cooled using hydrogen.
178
Efficiency
Losses:
Copper Losses:
I2R losses in the stator winding
I2R losses in the rotor winding
Iron Losses:
Hysteresis loss in stator
Eddy current Loss in stator
Friction and windage
179
Magnetic Field
Electrical
Power
Stator
Regulator
180
181
182
183
Brushless Alternators
3-phase
out
AC is
sampled
Rotor
Field P.S.
Regulator
DC
184
Brushless Alternators
3-phase
out
Rotor
Regulator
3-phase
out
Prime
Mover
185
Small Alternators
-Factors when choosing:
Voltage: 240V / 415V (1-phase or 3-phase)
kVA rating
RPM (3000RPM or 1500RPM)
Petrol or Diesel
Brushless or brushes
Ability to start loads such as motors
Extras: Soundproofing, starting, power outlets,
mounting holes, 12VDC / welding output
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