Advance Fluid Mechanics

Recommended Books:
1. Daugherty, R. L. Franzini B. & Finnemore E. J., Fluid Mechanics, McGraw Hill Book Co.
2. Douglus, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Inc.
3. Jack P., Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics , McGraw-Hill Inc.
4. Merle Potter, Mechanics of Fluid, CL-Engineering (2011)

 Circular Pipe:
Laminar Flow in
For laminar flow
(1)
where,
u = velocity at a distance y from the boundary
as,
= constant for a particular pipe
Now equation (1) becomes
-ve sign indicates that u decreases as increases.
To determine the velocity profile for laminar flow in a circular pipe
Therefore,

is substituted into expression

(2)

Integrating equation (2) and assuming that integration constant c is equal to

(3)
-k

(4)

where,
Substituting the boundary condition that u = 0 for = and noting that = , centerline velocity

(4)

(5)
Substituting the value of k in equation (4), we get
since
Therefore,
(6)
Comparing equations (3) and (6), we get
=


As

and

Therefore
(7)
where,
= centerline velocity
Since,
mean velocity
Putting

i.e;

= 2V

= 2V in equation (7), we get

(8)

As we know that

=g


since,
= kinematic viscosity
(9)
Equation (9) is Hagen Poiseuille law for Laminar Flow.
Recalling Darcy Weisbach equation of head loss
(10)
Comparing equations (9) and (10), we get

(11)
We can determine pipe friction if is less than 2000.

Entrance Conditions
in Laminar Flow:
In the case of a pipe leading from a reservoir, if the entrance is rounded so as to avoid any initial disturbance of the emerging stream, all the
particles will start to flow with the same velocity, except for a very thin film (layer) in contact with the wall. Particles next to the wall will
have zero velocity, but the velocity gradient here is extremely steep and with this slight exception, velocity is uniform across the diameter as
shown in figure.

As the fluid progresses along the pipe, the streamlines in the vicinity of the wall are slowed down by the friction emanating from the wall,
but as Q (discharge) is constant for successive sections, the velocity in the center must be accelerated, until the final velocity profile is a
parabola as shown in figure.
Theoretically an infinite distance is required for this but it has been established both by theory and by observation that the maximum
velocity in the center of the pipe will reach 99% of its ultimate value in the distance
Thus for critical value

, the distance pipe diameters.

Unestablished Flow:

It is the region in the pipe where velocity profile is changing.

i.e; in the entry region of length , the flow is unestablished.
Mathematically,

Established Flow:
It is the region in the pipe where velocity profile does not change and it has attained a parabolic shape.

Boundary Layer:
The outer zone which is in contact with the wall and increases in thickness as flow moves along the wall. It increases its
thickness until the shear stress becomes maximum.

Problem1: Oil (S = 0.85) with a kinematic viscosity of 6 /s flows in a 15 cm pipe at a rate of 0.020 /s. What is the
head loss per 100 m length of pipe?

Solution: Given that

Discharge

Q = 0.020 /s

Pipe diameter

D = 0.15 m.

Specific gravity of oil S = 0.85

kinematic viscosity
Head loss per 100 m

Step#1:
Mean velocity

v=

Step#2:
Reynolds number

= 6 /s
=?

283
Step#3:
Since

, the flow is laminar.

Step#4:
Head loss

9.83m

Problem#2: An oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.135 stokes flows through a pipe of diameter 15cm. Below
what velocity will be the laminar flow?

Solution: Given that

Pipe diameter D = 0.15 m.
Specific gravity of oil S = 0.85
1 stoke =1 c= 1 /s
Kinematic viscosity
Reynolds number

The flow is laminar with the Reynolds number less than 2000. i.e;

Therefore, for the velocity of flow below 0.18 m/s, the flow will be laminar.

Problem#3: An oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.005 flow through a 7.5cm diameter pipe with a velocity of 3m/s. Is
the flow is laminar or turbulent?

Solution: Given that

kinematic viscosity
Pipe diameter
Velocity of flow

Nature of flow

=?

As

Therefore the flow is laminar.

 pipe at 0.5L/s. Is the flow is laminar or turbulent?

Problem#4: An oil (s = 0.8, =1) flow in a 10cm diameter
Solution: Given that
kinematic viscosity
Pipe diameter
Velocity of flow

=5

Nature of flow

=?

As
Therefore the flow is laminar.

Problem#5: For the case of problem#4, find the centerline velocity,

the velocity at r = 2cm, the friction factor, the shear stress at
the pipe wall, and the head loss per meter pipe length.

Solution: Since we have come to know that the flow is laminar. Therefore,

0.1274 m/s
= 0.1274 m/s
When

== 0.05m

u=0

Now,

0.107m/s

For laminar flow

=0.181
=/g
0.78N/

0.00374m/m

 velocity when the laminar flow occurs in a circular pipe.

Problem: Prove that the centerline velocity is twice the average
Proof: The velocity profile for the laminar flow in a circular pipe can be written as
(1)
where,
u = average velocity
= centerline velocity
= radius of the pipe at any point

= maximum radius of the pipe.

The flow rate in a circular pipe can be calculated as,

(2)
Using equation (1) into (2), we get

(3)
The average velocity can be calculated as

=2V

proved

Therefore the centerline velocity is twice the average velocity.

 from the centerline does the average velocity occurs?

Problem: with laminar flow in a circular pipe, at what distance
Proof: The velocity distribution in case of laminar flow in a circular pipe is
(1)
where,
u = average velocity
= centerline velocity
= radius of the pipe at any point

= maximum radius of the pipe.

Since,
= =
Or
= V = 0.5

(2)

Put equation (2) into (1)

Therefore the distance from the centerline at which the average velocity occurs is