Waste Management

BY
ASWATI A
ROLL NO: 510
AYSHA ASHARAF
ROLL NO: 511
BIMS

INTRODUCTION

Since the beginning, human kind has been

generating waste.
It could be in the form of :
Bones
Other parts of animals they slaughter
Wood
With the progress of civilization the waste
generated became of a more complex
nature.

 At the end of 19th century(Industrial

revolution) there was rise in the world of
consumers.
The increase in population and
urbanization was also largely responsible
for the increase in solid waste.

What are Wastes?

Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse,
garbage, junk, litter, and ort) is unwanted or
useless materials. In biology, waste is any of
the many unwanted substances or toxins that
are expelled from living organisms, metabolic
waste; such as urea and sweat.

Basel Convention Definition of Wastes

substances or objects which are disposed
of or are intended to be disposed of or are
required to be disposed of by the provisions
of the law

Disposal means
any operation which may lead to resource
recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct reuse or alternative uses (Annex IVB of the
Basel convention)

Kinds of Wastes
Solid wastes: wastes in solid forms, domestic,
commercial and industrial wastes
Examples: plastics, Styrofoam containers,
bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid Wastes:

wastes in liquid form

Examples: domestic washings, chemicals,

oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing
industries and other sources

Classification of Wastes according

to their Properties
Bio-degradable :
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and
others)

Non-biodegradable :
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles,
old machines , cans, Styrofoam containers
and others)

Classification of Wastes according to

their Effects on Human Health and the
Environment

Hazardous wastes :
Substances unsafe to use commercially,
industrially, agriculturally, or economically
and have any of the following propertiesignitability, corrosivity, reactivity &
toxicity.

Hazardous Waste
A solid waste, or a
combination of solid wastes,
which because of its:
quantity,
concentration,
physical,
chemical,
infectious characteristics may
pose a hazard to human health
or the environment.
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NOTE:
All hazardous wastes are solid wastes
Not all solid wastes are hazardous waste
Properties of hazardous wastes
Based on characteristics
Ignitability - Ignitable wastes create fires under certain
conditions or are spontaneously combustible, or have a
flash point less than 60 C (140 F).
Corrosivity - Corrosive wastes are acids or bases (pH less
than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5) that are
capable of corroding metal containers, such as storage
PPT048-01
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tanks, drums, and barrels.

 Reactivity - Reactive wastes are unstable under "normal"

conditions. They can cause explosions, toxic fumes, gases,
or vapors when mixed with water.
Toxicity - Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested
or absorbed (e.g., containing mercury, lead, etc.). When
toxic wastes are disposed of on land, contaminated liquid
may drain (leach) from the waste and pollute ground water.
Toxicity is defined through a laboratory procedure called
the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP).

 Non-hazardous wastes :
Substances safe to use commercially,
industrially, agriculturally, or economically
and do not have any of those properties
mentioned above. These substances usually
create disposal problems.

Classification of wastes according to

their origin and type
Municipal Solid wastes:
Solid wastes that include household garbage, rubbish,
construction & demolition debris, sanitation residues,
packaging materials, trade refuges etc. are managed by
any municipality.

Bio-medical wastes:
Solid or liquid wastes including containers,
intermediate or end products generated during
diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medical
sciences.

 Industrial wastes:
Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by
manufacturing & processing units of various industries
like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal gas, sanitary &
paper etc.
Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fishery
activities. These are extensively found in coastal &
estuarine areas.
Radioactive wastes: Waste containing radioactive
materials. Usually these are byproducts of nuclear
processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly
involved in nuclear activities, may also produce some
radioactive wastes, e.g. radio-isotopes, chemical sludge
etc.

 E-wastes:
Electronic wastes generated from any modern
establishments. They may be described as discarded
electrical or electronic devices.

Agricultural wastes:
Wastes generated from farming activities. These substances
are mostly biodegradable.

Sources of Wastes
Households

Commerce and Industry

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Agriculture

Fisheries

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SOLID WASTES
It is defined as:
Non-liquid , non-soluble materials
ranging from municipal garbage to
industrial wastes that contain complex
and sometimes hazardous substances
Solid wastes also includes:
Sewage sludge
Agricultural refuse
Demolition wastes
Mining residues

Solid Waste

Solid Waste in India

7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste
One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year
Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes
In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million
tonnes of high volume low hazard waste every year,
which is mostly dumped on open low lying land areas.
Source: Estimate of Ministry of Environment & Forest

Types of solid wastes

Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as
follows:
Household waste is generally classified as
Municipal waste.
Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as
Infectious waste

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Municipal solid waste consists of:
Household waste
Construction and demolition
Sanitation residue
Waste from streets

HAZARDOUS WASTE
Industrial and hospital waste is considered
hazardous as they may contain toxic
substances.
Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to
humans, animals and plants . They are:
Corrosive
Highly inflammable or explosive
React when exposed to certain things.
E.g. gases

 Household wastes that can be categorized

as hazardous waste include:
Old batteries
Shoe polish
Paint tins
Old medicines
Medicine bottles

 Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals

used in hospitals is considered hazardous.
These chemicals include formaldehyde and
phenols, which are used as disinfectants.

 In the industrial sector, the major

generators of hazardous waste are the
metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye,
refining, and rubber goods industries.
Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous
waste such as mercury and cyanide can be
fatal.

HOSPITAL WASTE
Hospital waste is generated during the
diagnosis treatment or immunization of
human beings or animals.
It may include wastes like
Sharps
Soiled waste
Disposables
Anatomical waste
Cultures
Discarded medicines
Chemical wastes

 These are in the form of disposable

syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids,
human excreta, etc.
This waste is highly infectious and can be a
serious threat to human health if not
managed in a scientific and discriminate
manner.
It has been roughly estimated that of the 4
kg of waste generated in a hospital at least
1 kg would be infected.

Waste can be ...

Services
instead
of products

Change
raw
material

Good
housekeeping
Change
technology

I.
Avoided &
reduced
Change
process

Change
product

II.
Within
the process

III.

Recycled
Externally
Inside
the
company

Energetically

Disposed of
Reduction
of volume

Correct
segregation

Detoxification
Stabilization

WASTE MANAGEMENT
Three Rs to be followed for waste
management are:

Reuse
Recycle
Reduce

REUSE
Do not throw away the soft drink cans or
the bottles; cover them with homemade
paper or paint on them and use them as
pencil stands or small vases.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IN REUSE

Donate/Exchange
- old books
- old clothes
- old computers
- excess building materials
- old equipment to local organizations

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RECYCLE
Use shopping bags made of jute, which can
be used over and over again.

Recycling
Recycling: Processing of a waste item into usable
forms
Benefits

Saves money, raw materials, and land.

Encourages individual responsibility.
Reduces pressure on disposal systems.
Japan recycles about half of all household
and commercial wastes.
Lowers demand for raw resources.
Reduces energy consumption and air
pollution.

Plastic Bags
1% of plastic bags are recycled.
A few years ago a study showed that 8 million
pounds of plastic bags are thrown away each
year.
If you dont recycle them, animals can eat them
and get stuck in their throat and they will
suffocate.

Paper
1 ton of recycled paper can save 17 trees!
Reuse paper around the home as scrap paper or
packing material. Envelopes can also be reused.
Another good way to reduce paper is to read the
news online this will stop the massive amount
of trees being cut down for newspapers alone!

Recycling not a solution to all problems!

Recycling is not a solution to managing every
kind of waste material
For many items recycling technologies are
unavailable or unsafe
In some cases, cost of recycling is too high.

REDUCE
Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste,
Eg . carry your own shopping bag when you
go to the market and pull all your purchases
directly into it.

EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT

MANAGED WISELY

Affects our health

Affects our socio-economic conditions
Affects our coastal and marine environment
Affects our climate

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EFFECTS OF WASTE

GHGs are accumulating in Earths atmosphere as a result of

human activities, causing global mean surface air temperature
and subsurface ocean temperature to rise.

Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and

change precipitation and other local climate conditions.

Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields,

and water supplies.

This could also affect human health, animals, and many types
of ecosystems.

Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of

some of our national parks might be permanently altered.
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 Some countries are expected to become warmer,

although sulfates might limit warming in some
areas.

Scientists are unable to determine which parts of

those countries will become wetter or drier, but
there is likely to be an overall trend toward
increased precipitation and evaporation, more
intense rainstorms, and drier soils.

Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be

reliably projected for specific areas.
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Activities that have altered the chemical composition of the

atmosphere:

Buildup of GHGs primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4),

and nitrous oxide (N20).

C02 is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels,

wood and wood products, and solid waste.

CH4 is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in

landfills, the raising of livestock, and the production and transport
of coal, natural gas, and oil.

N02 is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well

as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. In 1977, the
US emitted about one-fifth of total global GHGs.

Methods of Waste Disposal

Landfills
Incineration
Source reduction
Composting
Recycling

Land filling
Most municipal solid
waste in US is deposited
in landfills
Source of groundwater
pollution
Number of municipal
landfills is declining.
Some closed for
violations,
New landfills are costly
and often resisted .

Incineration
Prior to 1940,
incineration was
common in North
America and western
Europe.
Many

incinerators were eliminated because of foul odors

and gritty smoke
Currently,

incinerated.

about 15% of U.S. municipal solid waste is

Incineration
Pros:
Reduce volume 90%, weight 75%
Heat from burning converted to electricity

Cons:
Create air pollution
Concentrates toxins in ash
More costly than landfills, as long as space
available

Composting
Harnessing natural
decomposition to
transform organic material
into compost
About 3800 composting
facilities currently in use
in the United States.

Source Reduction
Most fundamental method of reducing
waste is to prevent it from being
produced (Waste Prevention).
Reduce and reuse Individuals and
Industry
Saves natural resources.
Reduces waste toxicity
Reduces costs