2004 International CVT

Congress, CA, USA

SAE #: 2004-34-2851

On the operating regime of metal pushing V-belt

CVT under steady-state microslip conditions

Nilabh Srivastava
Imtiaz Haque
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Clemson University
September 24, 2004

Presentation Outline
Introduction to CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission)
Research Objective
Literature Review
Model Development
Results
Conclusion
Future Work & Recommendations

Introduction

Metal belt structure

Metal V-belt CVT

Research Objective
Research Focus:
Develop model to capture dynamic interactions in a metal V-belt CVT under
steady state microslip conditions
Study the influence of loading conditions (torque and forces) on belt slip
Study belt slip behavior under microslip conditions i.e. due to gap between
belt elements
Investigate operating regime of the CVT for efficient torque transmission (i.e.
meeting the load requirements)
Predict torque transmitting capacity of the CVT

Research Support: US ARMY TACOM

Literature Review
Related to Slip models & Operating Regime
Gerbert, G., Belt Slip A unified approach, ASME J. of Mechanical Design, Vol. 118, 1996
Sun, D. C., Performance analysis of a variable speed-ratio metal V-belt drive, Transactions of ASME,
Mechanisms, Transmission, and Automotive Design, 110, 1988
Micklem, J. D.. et al, Modeling of the steel pushing V-belt continuously variable
transmission,Proceedings Inst. Of Mech. Eng., Vol. 208, 1994
Carbone, G., et al, Theoretical Model Of Metal V-Belt Drives During Ratio Changing Speed, ASME
Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 123, 2000
Kobayashi D., Mabuchi Y., Katoh Y., A Study on the Torque Capacity of a Metal Pushing V-Belt for CVTs,
SAE Paper 980822, Transmission and Driveline Systems Symposium, 1998
Srivastava,N., Haque, I., On the transient dynamics of a metal pushing V-belt CVT at high speeds,
International J. of Vehicle Design, (accepted March 2004)
Srivastava,N., Blouin, V., Haque, I., Using Genetic Algorithms to identify initial operating conditions for a
transient CVT model, 2004 ASME IMECE, Nov 13-19, 2004 (accepted)

Model Development
Assumptions:
The pulleys are rigid and there is no misalignment between them
Elements and bands are treated as a continuous belt
The center of mass of the element and that of the band pack coincide
Belt length is constant
Impending slip conditions exist at all contact surfaces
Bending and torsional stiffness of the belt are neglected
The element dimensions are small in comparison to the pulley radii
The total gap between the elements is distributed uniformly in the region of zero
or very low compression in the belt

Model Development
Free Body Diagrams:

r
dF

a dF

T+dT

Driven Band pack

Model Development
Free Body Diagrams:

Driven Element

Model Development
b dN sin

Free Body Diagrams:

Element

dN

Shaft
Axis

dF z

Pulley Sheave

Forces of belt element on DRIVEN pulley

Free body diagrams of the two pulleys yield torque equations

Model Development
Elemental Gap and Slip:
Redistribution of elemental gap

Belt microslip is defined on the basis of mean gap [ Kobayashi,1998 ]

L e t
m
( )r t Le

m
slip
Le m

Results
Simulation Parameters
Half sheave angle,

15 deg

Band pack density, b

3.5 kg/m

Element density, e

3 kg/m

Belt pretension, To

400 N

Driver pulley speed,

500 rpm

Center distance, d

0.5 m

Coefficient of friction, a

0.15

Coefficient of friction, b

0.15

Results

Belt Compressive Force Profile

Results

Transmission ratio vs. Driver axial Force (5 Nm)

Results

Transmission ratio vs. Driver axial Force (30 Nm)

Results

Transmission ratio vs. Maximum Load Torque

Results

Driver side belt slip vs. Driver axial force

Results

Driver side belt slip vs. Driven axial force

Results

Driver side belt slip vs. Input Torque

Conclusions

Dynamic interactions were noted under steady state microslip conditions

Belt slip was calculated on the basis of gap redistribution

Belt slip is influenced by loading conditions of torques and forces

Operating regime could be identified for a given CVT configuration and specified
loading conditions, under the assumption of microslip and quasi-static variation in
transmission ratio

Increasing torque on one of the pulleys increases slip on that pulley, provided
loading conditions on the other pulley are kept constant

Increasing axial force on one of the pulleys reduces slip on that pulley, provided
loading conditions on the other pulley are kept constant

Maximum transmittable torque can be estimated just before the belt undergoes
gross slip

Future Work & Recommendations

Belt can undergo both macro and micro slip, so the operating regime should be estimated by taking inertial
effects into account besides the loading effects Srivastava,N., Blouin, V., Haque, I., Using Genetic
Algorithms to identify initial operating conditions for a transient CVT model, 2004 ASME IMECE, Nov 13-19,
2004 (accepted)

Belt slip is not only influenced by loading conditions of torques and forces, but also by inertial effects => The
assumption of constant sliding angle over the pulley wrap is violated at high speed variations - Srivastava,N.,
Haque, I., On the transient dynamics of a metal pushing V-belt CVT at high speeds, International J. of
Vehicle Design, (accepted March 2004)

The friction between individual bands in the band pack have been neglected. However, it is presumed that it
will not significantly cause shifts in the operating regime of the CVT. Kim H., Lee J., Analysis of Belt Behavior
and Slip Characteristics for a Metal V-belt CVT, Mechanism & Machine Theory,1994

Friction between the surfaces can also be modeled using elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory

Flexural effects have been neglected. However, at high speeds and under high loading conditions, the pulley
sheaves can undergo flexural vibrations, thereby, influencing operating regime of the CVT

Real-world experiments need to be run on a CVT for verifying the consistency of operating regime obtained
from the simulation model. However, the results of the model are in consonance with those obtained under
conditions of no-load (i.e. Kobayashi,D., SAE Paper 980822, 1998)