GTS 213

Calculus for Technologist II

1

CHAPTER 5
INTEGRALS

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Food for Thought

2

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Topical Outline
3

Topic

Content

Integrals
(Ch. 5 and 6)

Review of Calculus for Technologist I

Concepts (review)
Technique of Integration (review)
Calculus for Technologist II starts here.
Improper Integrals (Section 5.10)
Application of Integrals (Chapter 6)

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Integrals
4

What does integrate mean?

What is mathematical integral?

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Area Problem
5

Area of a rectangle, a triangle, or a polygon

a polygon: the area is found by dividing the polygon into

triangles and adding the areas

GTS 213, S2 & S3

But what if the region has curved sides?

6

How do we find an area under the curve?

For example, area under y = x2 from 0 to 1

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Area Under Continuous Functions

7

The same concept: break it down to small pieces and

add them

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Approximating S with Four Rectangles

8

We can approximate each strip by a rectangle whose

base is the same as the strip

Each rectangle has width .

Height: Three ways to measure the height of four

rectangles
GTS 213, S2 & S3

Height of rectangle
9

Function y = x2 from 0 to 1
Three ways to measure the height of four rectangles
Using right points
Right points

1/4

1/2

Height

()2
(1/2)2
Using left points

3/4

(3/4)2

(1)2

Left points
Height
GTS 213, S2 & S3

Middle points

Using middle points

Area of rectangles under y = x2

10
Rectangle 1

Rectangle 2

Rectangle 3

Rectangle 4

Right points

1/4

1/2

3/4

Height

()2

(1/2)2

(3/4)2

(1)2

The area of these approximating

rectangles

R4 = (1/4)()2 + (1/4)()2 + (1/4) ()2 + (1/4) (1) 2 =

0.46875
Rectangle 1

Rectangle 2

Rectangle 3

Rectangle 4

L4 =
Rectangle 1

Rectangle 2

Rectangle 3

Rectangle 4

Left points
Height
The area of these approximating
rectangles
Middle points
Height
The area of these approximating M4 =
Now, you see that L4
GTS rectangles
213, S2 & S3

< A < R4 (0.21875 < A < 0.46875)

Adding strips/ left endpoints & right endpoints

11
Approximating S with 8 rectangles

Now divide [0, 1] into 8 intervals

L8 = _________________________________________ = 0.2734375
R8 = _________________________________________ = 0.3984375
Now, you see that L8 < A < R8 (0.2734375 < A < 0.3984375)

Lower estimation

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Upper estimation

Smaller Rectangles, Better Estimation

12

Increasing the number of strips, or increasing n

GTS 213, S2 & S3

The greater number of strips, the better approximation

13

Area under x2 from 0 to 1.

Do you notice something from the table?

Increase n (n)
GTS 213, S2 & S3

Key Concept
14

Increase n (n)
To use a limit of approximations to arrive at the true

area under the curve.

We

first approximate the region S by rectangles and then

take the limit of the areas of these rectangles as we increase
the number of rectangles.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Example to show a limit of approximation

15

For region S in the preceding example, show that the

sum of the areas of the upper approximating

rectangles approaches , that is, lim Rn 1
n

Solution Rn is the sum of

the areas of the n rectangles

as shown on the right:

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Example to show a limit of approximation (contd)

16

Each rectangle has

Width 1/n and

The heights are the values of the function f(x) = x2 at the points
1/n, 2/n, 3/n,, n/n, leading to

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Example to show a limit of approximation (contd)

17

Recall that

Applying this formula to Rn gives

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Example to show a limit of approximation (contd)

18

This gives

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Definition of Integral
19

Likewise the lower approximating sums also

approach , that is, lim Ln 1

n
3

As n increases, both Ln and Rn become better and

better approximations to the area of S:

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Definition of Integral (contd)

20

Therefore we define the area A to be the limit of the

sums of the areas of the approximating rectangles:

Concept: divide an area into small areas and take

limit of the sum of the small areas

Apply this idea to more general region.
GTS 213, S2 & S3

Applying the Idea to More General Region

21

We start by subdividing S into n strips

S1, S2,,Sn of equal width.

The width of the interval is b a.
The width of subinterval (x) is (b a)/n
GTS 213, S2 & S3

Applying the Idea to More General Region (contd)

22

Then the area of the ith rectangle is

f(xi)x.
So the area of S is approximated by the sum of the areas of these rectangles:
GTS 213, S2 & S3

Applying the Idea to More General Region (contd)

23

Again, approximation seems to become better and better as n increases

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Definition: Area A of the region S

24

lim Rn always exists;

n
If we use left endpoints

Since f is continuous,

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Definition: Area A of the region S (contd)

25

if we take the height of the ith rectangle to be the

value of f at any number xi* in [xi-1, xi].

The numbers x1*, x2*,, xn* are the sample points.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

A more general expression for the area of S

Sigma Notation
26

Sum of many terms use sigma notation

So the area

can be written as
n

A lim f xi x
n

GTS 213, S2 & S3

i 1

The distance problem as

it relates to the area problem
27

Goal: to find the distance traveled by an object

during a certain time period if the velocity is known

at all times.
If the velocity is constant, we know that
distance = velocity time
But what if the velocity varies?

GTS 213, S2 & S3

The Distance Problem

28

Suppose the odometer on our car is broken and we

want to estimate the distance driven over a 30second time interval.

Solution We take speedometer readings every five
seconds and record them:

convert the velocity to ft/s, using 1 mi/h = 5280/3600 ft/s

st
Velocity
of
the
1
five second
GTS 213, S2 & S3

Velocity of the 2nd five second

The Distance Problem

29

Velocity of the 1st five second

Velocity of the 2nd five second

Velocity Function

Distance traveled during the

first five seconds:

25 ft/s 5 s = 125 ft
Distance for second time
interval:
31 ft/s 5 s = 155 ft
GTS 213, S2 & S3

The Distance Problem

30

Velocity of the 1st five second

Velocity of the 2nd five second

Velocity
Function

An estimate for the total distance traveled :

L6 =
On the other hand, use velocity at the end of each time period. An estimated

R6 =

total distance:

Distance Problem: Connection With Area (contd)

31

Area of each rectangle can be interpreted as a distance

because the height velocity and width time

Suppose an object moves with velocity v = f(t), where
a t b and f(t) 0
We take velocity readings at times
t0 (= a), t1, t2,,tn (= b)
so that the velocity is approximately constant on each
subinterval.
If these times are equally spaced, then the time between
consecutive readings is t = (b a)/n.
GTS 213, S2 & S3

Distance Problem: Connection With Area (contd)

32

The first time interval:

the velocity is approximately f(t0) and

so the distance traveled is approximately f(t0)t.

Similarly, the distance traveled during the second

time interval is about f(t1)t.

Use the left endpoints, the total distance traveled
during the time interval [a, b]:

The more frequently we measure the velocity,

the more accurate our estimates become.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Distance Problem: Connection With Area (contd)

33

Use right endpoints instead of left endpoints:

Distance in limit expression:

Thus the distance traveled is equal to the area under the

graph of the velocity function.

So the distance problem and the area problem are
the same problem!
GTS 213, S2 & S3

The same concept is also applied in 3D

34

To estimate volume, we add small volumes together.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Review end of Section 5.1

35

Using rectangles to solve the area problem

Definition of area
Sigma notation
The distance problem as it relates to the area

problem

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Food for Thought

36

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Next topics Section 5.2

37

Define definite integral using Riemann sums

Begin evaluating definite integrals
Develop properties of the definite integral

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Find a difference between these two integrals

38

Definite integral

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Indefinite integral

Definite Integral
39

Because f is continuous, the limit in this definition always exists

and gives the same value no matter how we choose the sample
points xi*.
GTS 213, S2 & S3

Definite integral: Riemann Sum

40

We could replace x with any other letter without

changing the value of the integral:

b
a

f x dx f t dt f r dr

Riemann Sum

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Definite integral: Riemann Sum (contd)

41

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Definite Integral for Negative & Positive Function

42

If f takes on both positive and negative values,

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Definite Integral for Unequal Width

43

For unequal width, the definition of a definite

integral becomes

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Evaluating Integrals
44

Evaluating definite integrals by definition requires

that we work with sums.

On the next slide we give formulas for

sums of powers of positive integers, and

working with sigma notation:

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Useful formulas when working with sigma notation

45

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Properties of the Definite Integral

46

We can define

b
a

f x dx even if a b

If a = b, then x = 0 and so

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Further Properties
47

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Further Properties (contd)

48

We illustrate the first two properties:

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Exercise
49

Use the properties of integrals to evaluate

1

4 3x dx.
0

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Solution
50

Solution Properties 2 and 3 give

Property 1 gives

4dx 4 1 0 4

Also, we found earlier that 1

0

1
0 x dx 3 , so
2

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Property 5
51

Exercise: Its know that

GTS 213, S2 & S3

8
0

10
0

f x dx 17 and

f x dx 12, find

10
08

f x dx.

Comparison Properties
52

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Property 8
53

Exercise: Use Property 8 to estimate

GTS 213, S2 & S3

1
0

x2

dx.

Solution
54
2

Because f x e x is a decreasing

function on [0, 1], its

absolute maximum value is M = f(0) = 1 and

absolute minimum value is m = f(1) = e-1.

So by Property 8,

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Properties of the Definite Integral (contd)

55

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Review Section 5.2

56

Definition of definite integral

Riemann sums
Evaluating definite integrals
Interpreting definite integrals as areas
Properties of the definite integral

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Next Section 5.3

57

Introduce the Evaluation Theorem

Discuss indefinite integrals

GTS 213, S2 & S3

58

A key discovery in the history of calculus, due to

Newton and Leibniz (working independently), was

that we can calculate

f x dx if we happen to know an

antiderivative F of f.
This discovery, called the Evaluation Theorem, is
part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Evaluation Theorem
59

We can calculate

b
a

f x dx if we happen to know an

antiderivative F of f.

Example: an antiderivative of f(x) = x2 is F(x) = ()x3,

so
Much easier than using Riemann Sum.
GTS 213, S2 & S3

Two examples
60

Evaluate

3
1

e dx.
x

Solution An antiderivative of f(x) = ex is F(x) = ex, so

e dx e
1
x

e e.
3

Find the area under the cosine curve from 0 to b,

where 0 b /2.

Solution Here f(x) = cos x and F(x) = sin x :

b

A cos xdx sin x sin b sin 0 sin b.

0

GTS 213, S2 & S3

b
0

Indefinite Integral
61

Because of the relation between antiderivatives and

integrals, the notation f(x)dx is traditionally used

for an antiderivative of f and is called an indefinite
integral.

No numbers there!

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Indefinite Integral (condt)

62

We recall that if F is an antiderivative of f on an

interval I, then the most general antiderivative of f

on I is F(x) + C, where C is an arbitrary constant.
So, an indefinite integral f(x)dx can represent
either

a particular antiderivative of f , or
an entire family of antiderivatives.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Table of Integrals
63

We restate the antiderivatives we know, in the

notation of indefinite integrals.

Any formula can be verified by differentiating the function on the

right.
Reference Page 6-10

GTS 213, S2 & S3

64

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Example
65

Find the general indefinite integral

(10x4 2sec2x) dx
Solution By Table 1,

Graph the antiderivative for several values of C :

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Exercise, review technique

66

Evaluate

9
1

2t 2 t 2 t 1
dt.
2
t

Solution First we write the integrand more simply,

and then we apply our antiderivative formulas.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Review Section 5.3

67

The Evaluation Theorem

Indefinite Integrals

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Next
68

Technique of Integration

Table of Integrals Look in the table first. If we cannot find

entry that resembles our given integral, then try the following
techniques:

The Substitution Rule

Integration by Parts
Trigonometric Substitution
Partial Fractions

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Technique of Integration: Table of Integrals

69

Reference Page 6 -10, on the back of textbook.

If we cannot find any entry that resembles our given

integral, then try other methods. Review Semester 1s

content.
GTS 213, S2 & S3

A Question
70

The question arises: Will our basic integration

formulas, together with the

Substitution Rule,
integration by parts,
tables of integrals, and
computer algebra systems

enable us to find the integral of every continuous

function?

GTS 213, S2 & S3

The Answer
71

The answer is No, at least not in terms of the

functions with which we are familiar.

It can be shown, for example, that we will never

succeed in evaluating

x2

dx in

terms of functions that we know.

Later, though, we will see how to express such
integrals as infinite series.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Food for Thought

72

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Next Section 5.10

73

Calculus II starts here.

Improper Integrals
Goals

Define improper integrals of Types 1 and 2

Study convergence and divergence of improper integrals
Use comparison to help decide whether an improper integral
converges

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Introduction of Improper Integrals

74

In defining a definite integral

we assumed that

b
a

f x dx

f is defined on a finite interval [a, b] and that

f has no infinite discontinuity.

We want to extend this to the cases where

the interval is infinite, and/or Type 1

f has an infinite discontinuity Type 2

Such integrals are called improper.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Type 1: Infinite Intervals

75

Let S be the infinite region that lies

under the curve y = 1/x2,

above the x-axis, and
to the right of the line x = 1.

Is the area of S

infinite?

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Type 1 (contd)
76

The area of the part of S that

lies to the left of the line x = t is

Notice that A(t) < 1 no matter how large t is chosen, and

A(t) 1 as t .

The area of the infinite region S is equal to 1.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Type 1 (contd)
77

Define the integral of f over an infinite interval as the limit

of integrals over finite intervals:

Pay attention
on a direction of t

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Type 1 (contd): Convergence and divergence

of Type 1
78

For example,

GTS 213, S2 & S3

1/x dx is divergent, since

Type 1 (contd): convergence vs. divergence

79

Thus we have shown that

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Example: Evaluate
80

xe dx.
x

Solution Part (b) of the definition gives

We integrate by parts with u = x, dv = exdx, so that du = dx, v = ex :

We know that et 0 as t ; so by lHospitals Rule we have

Therefore

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Example
81

For what values of p is the integral

1
dx
p
x

convergent?
Solution We know from our first example that the
integral diverges if p = 1; for p 1,

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Solution (contd)
82

If p > 1, then p 1 > 0, so as t , tp-1 and 1/tp-1 0.

Therefore
and so the integral converges.
But if p < 1, then p 1 < 0 and so
We summarize this result for future reference:

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Type 2: Discontinuous Integrands

83

Suppose that f is

a positive continuous function defined on a finite interval [a, b)

but has
a vertical asymptote at b.

Let S be the unbounded region under the graph of f

and above the x-axis between a and b:

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Type 2 (contd)
84

The area of the part of S between a and t is

t

A t f x dx
a

If it happens that A(t) approaches a number A as t b, then

we say that the area of the region S is A and we write

b
a

f x dx lim f x dx
t b

We use this equation to define an improper integral

of Type 2

even when f is not positive function,

no matter what type of discontinuity f has at b.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Type 2 (contd)
85

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Type 2 (contd): Convergence and divergence

of Type 2
86

So you need to know where the discontinuity is, or where a

vertical asymptote is.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Example: Find
87

5
2

1
dx .
x2

Solution First, this integral is improper because

f x 1/ x 2 has the vertical asymptote x = 2

Since the infinite discontinuity occurs at the left
endpoint of [2, 5], we use part (b) of the definition:

Thus, the integral converges.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Solution (contd)
88

GTS 213, S2 & S3

5
2

1
dx .
x2

Example: Evaluate 0

dx
if possible.
x 1
89

Solution Note that the line x = 1 is a vertical

asymptote of the integrand.

Since it occurs in the middle of [0, 3], we need part
(c) of the definition with c = 1:

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Solution (contd)
90

t dx
dx
t
Now
=lim
lim ln x 1 0
0 x 1
0
t 1
x 1 t1
lim ln t 1 ln 1
1

t 1

lim ln 1 t
t 1

because 1 t 0+ as t 1 .
Thus the integral diverges (even though

Diverge
GTS 213, S2 & S3

diverge

3
1

dx
converges).
x 1

converge

Summary: Improper Integrals occur when

91

The domain of

integration, from a to b,
is not finite

Type 1: Infinite Intervals

GTS 213, S2 & S3

The range of the

integrand is not finite

on this domain

Type 2: Discontinuous
Integrands

Food for Thought

92

GTS 213, S2 & S3

A Comparison Test
93

Does a given improper integral converge?

Sometimes it is impossible to find the exact value of

an improper integral
and yet it is important to know whether it is
convergent or divergent.
In such cases a comparison test such as the following
theorem can be very useful.
We state the test for Type 1 integrals; a similar
version holds for Type 2:
GTS 213, S2 & S3

Comparison Test (contd)

94

The idea behind the theorem is that if

the area under the graph of f is finite, then so is the area under
the graph of g;
the area under the graph of g is infinite, then so is the area
under the graph of f.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Example
95

Show that

x2

is convergent.

Solution It is not possible to evaluate the integral

directly since e

x2

has no ordinary antiderivative.

Instead we write

An ordinary
definite integral

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Use Comparison Test

Solution (contd)
96

In the second integral we use the fact that for x 1

we have x2 x, so x2 x and therefore

x2
e e x , as shown on the right:

And the integral of ex is easy to evaluate.

GTS 213, S2 & S3

Solution (contd)
97

x2

g x e

in the Comparison Theorem shows that e x dx is convergent.

1

x
It follows that
e dx is convergent.
Thus, taking f(x) = ex and

Convergent

GTS 213, S2 & S3

An ordinary
definite integral
Convergent

Use Comparison Test

Convergent

Review Section 5.10

98

Two types of improper integral

Type 1 (infinite intervals)

Type 2 (discontinuous integrands)

Comparison Theorem

GTS 213, S2 & S3